Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Estimating Wind-Turbine Caused Bird and Bat Fatality when Zero Carcasses are Observed Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., Dail, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Game Birds do not Surrogate for Raptors in Trials to Calibrate Observed Raptor Collision Fatalities Urquhart, B., Hulka, S., Duffy, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A Call for Conservation Scientists to Evaluate Opportunities and Risks from Operation of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines Santangeli, A., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy
Sage grouse war tests limits of partnership in West Lavelle, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Occurrence of peaks in songbird migration at rotor heights of offshore wind farms in the southern North Sea Krijgsveld, K., Fijn, R., Lensink, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Soundscape Analysis and Wildlife Presence in the Vicinity of a Wind Turbine Florentin, J., Fauville, B., Gerard, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise
Advancing the Environmentally Responsible Development of Offshore Wind Energy in New York State: A Regulatory Review and Stakeholder Perceptions New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Curtailing Wind Turbine Operations to Reduce Avian Mortality Singh, K., Baker, E., Lackner, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Avoidance Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Repowering Smøla Wind-Power Plant: An Assessment of Avian Conflicts Dahl, E., May, R., Nygård, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
Marine Mammals - Investigations and preparation of environmental impact assessment for Kriegers Flak Offshore Wind Farm Dietz, R., Galatius, A., Mikkelsen, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Noise Impact - Wind Farms in Quebec Meunier, M., Savard, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
Evaluating the Renewable Energy Sources in Malaysia Saeed, K. Thesis Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Sound Exposure in Harbour Seals During the Installation of an Offshore Wind Farm: Predictions of Auditory Damage Hastie, G., Russell, D., McConnell, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals
Seabird-Wind Farm Interactions During the Breeding Season Vary Within and Between Years: A Case Study of Lesser Black-Backed Gull Larus fuscus in the UK Thaxter, C., Ross-Smith, V., Bouten, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Evaluation of Quality of Life of Those Living near a Wind Farm Mroczek, B., Banas, J., Machowsa-Szewczyk, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Ecological Monitoring using Wildlife Detection Dogs: Bat Carcass Searches at the Wanlip Wind Turbine Stanhope, K. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Underwater Noise Social Cost Benefit Analysis Meulendijk-de Mol, P., van Nieuwerburgh, L., van Mastrigt, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Tradeoff Analysis of Energy Harvesting and Noise Emission for Distributed Wind Turbines Shaltout, M., Yan, Z., Palejiya, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
Home in the heat: Dramatic seasonal variation in home range of desert golden eagles informs management for renewable energy development Braham, M., Miller, T., Duerr, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors
SORIANT VUM - final report von Benda-Beckmann, A., de Jong, C., Binnerts, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
The factors affecting stakeholders' acceptance of offshore wind farms along the western coast of Taiwan: Evidence from stakeholders' perceptions Chen, J., Liu, H., Chuang, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Stakeholder Engagement, Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Effects of submarine power transmission cables on a glass sponge reef and associated megafaunal community Dunham, A., Pegg, J., Carolsfeld, W. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Habitat Change Invertebrates
A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Evaluation for Wind Farm Site Selection: A Regional Scale Application in Greece Latinopoulos, D., Kechagia, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Floating Offshore Turbines Tande, J., Merz, K., Paulsen, U. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind
Floating wind: technology assessment ORE Catapult Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
A Review of Bird Strike Mortality at Irish Onshore Windfarms Fennelly, R. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Wide Reach of Migratory Bird Treaty Act for Energy Projects Rosen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Observation of Sandhill Cranes' (Grus canadensis) Flight Behavior in Heavy Fog Kirsch, E., Wellik, M., Suarez, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Regional Analysis of Wind Turbine-Caused Bat Mortality Drake, D., Jennelle, C., Liu, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Reindeer and windpower Skarin, A., Nellemann, C., Sandström, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Terrestrial Mammals
2nd Iteration: Effect of turbine capacity on collision numbers for three large gull species, based on revised density data, when assessing cumulative effects of offshore wind farms on birds in the southern North Sea van der Wal, J., Fijn, R., Gyimesi, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Boosting Blue Growth in a Mild Sea: Analysis of the Synergies Produced by a Multi-Purpose Offshore Installation in the Northern Adriatic, Italy Zanuttigh, B., Angelelli, E., Bellotti, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
London Array Offshore Wind Farm Year 1 Post-Construction Monitoring Report MarineSpace Ltd Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Long-Term Effects of an Offshore Wind Farm in the North Sea on Fish Communities Stenberg, C., Støttrup, J., van Duers, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Pelagic Fish, Fish, Demersal Fish
Evaluating the Regional Cumulative Impact of Wind Farms on Birds: How can Spatially Explicit Dynamic Modelling Improve Impact Assessments and Monitoring? Bastos, R., Pinhanços, A., Santos, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
Social structure and abundance of coastal bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in the Normano-Breton Gulf, English Channel Louis, M., Gally, F., Barbraud, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Moving Towards Best Practice for Bird Mortality Mitigation in Wind Power Planning, Sweden McNally, R. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Coastal impact of a hybrid marine farm operating close to the Sardinia Island Onea, F., Rusu, L. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow
A strategic regional Marine Mammal Monitoring Programme for assessing the population consequences of constructing the BOWL and MORL Wind Farm Developments Thompson, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Marine Mammals
Foraging Range and Habitat use by Cape Vulture Gyps coprotheres from the Msikaba Colony, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa Pfeiffer, M., Venter, J., Downs, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
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