Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6371
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Lake-crossing behavior of migratory songbirds: Assessing potential collision risk with offshore wind on Lake Erie Korpi, Z. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Passerines
A flexible framework for species based regional cumulative effects assessments to support offshore wind energy planning and management Ferguson, M., Williams, K., Goodale, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Assessing the availability and feasibility of renewable energy on the Great Barrier Reef-Australia Virah-Sawmy, D., Sturmberg, B., Harrison, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Coupling metal concentrations and drift simulations for tracing emissions from offshore wind farms Ebeling, A., Wippermann, D., Zimmermann, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals Physical Environment
Exploring development of spatially stratified wind turbine collision risk prior distributions for eagles: An application of adaptive management Howell, P., New, L., Bjerre, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
The evolution of equity in offshore renewable energy: A systematic literature review Tighsazzadeh, M., Doyon, A., Hirsch, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Multicriteria models provide enhanced insight for siting US offshore wind Santarromana, R., Abdulla, A., Morgan, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Site and species dependent effects of offshore wind farms on fish populations Bicknell, A., Gierhart, S., Witt, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Fish, Demersal Fish
Vulnerability and behavioural avoidance of Golden Eagles near wind farms during the breeding season Maynard, L., Lemaître, J., Therrien, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Assessing the potential acoustic impact of floating offshore wind farms in the Central Mediterranean Sea Baldachini, M., Pace, F., Buscaino, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Strategic seaweed farming to support protected seabirds impacted by offshore windfarms Furness, R., Furness, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
This is EPIC: Extensive Periphery for Impact and Control to study seabird habitat loss in and around offshore wind farms combining a peripheral control area and Bayesian statistics Grundlehner, A., Leopold, M., Kersten, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Outlook on the development of eco-friendly offshore renewable energy technologies Sun, P., Jiang, Z., Chen, Y. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Impacts of offshore wind farms in the English Channel on larval dispersal and connectivity of benthic species using numerical modeling Ajmi, S., Boutet, M., Bennis, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality
Guidance for Monitoring and Reporting of Underwater Noise Chumbinho, R. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy Noise Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals
Offshore wind development in the Great Lakes: challenges, resources and technical solutions Javaherian, M., Wang, A., Hall, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Marine artificial light at night: Implications and potential hazards for offshore songbird and bat movements in the Greater North Sea Walsh, C., Hüppop, O., Karwinkel, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Collision Bats, Birds
FROM WIND TO WHALES POTENTIAL HYDRODYNAMIC IMPACTS OF OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY ON NANTUCKET SHOALS REGIONAL ECOLOGY Hofmann, E., Carpenter, J., Chen, Q. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Impact of offshore wind farms on the fauna of the Baltic Sea Cieślewicz, N., Pilarski, K., Pilarska, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Used to Assess Performance of Automated Detection and Audio Deterrent System for Reducing Wind-Turbine Collison Risk for Golden Eagles Smith, J., Schneider, S., Zirpoli, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Effects of electromagnetic radiation from offshore wind power on the physiology and behavior of two marine fishes Xu, P., Wang, B., Wang, Z. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Demersal Fish
Spatial conflict resolution in marine spatial plans and permitting procedures for offshore wind energy: an analysis of measures adopted in Denmark, England and the Netherlands Kusters, J., van Kann, F., Zuidema, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Electromagnetic fields and diadromous fish spawning migration: An urgent call for knowledge Verhelst, P., Pauwels, I., Pohl, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind EMF Fish
Assessing the potential impacts of floating Offshore Wind Farms on policy-relevant species: A case study in the Gulf of Roses, NW Mediterranean Wawrzynkowski, P., Molins, C., Lloret, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Estimated golden eagle mortality from wind turbines in the western United States Gedir, J., Gould, M., Millsap, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Habitat use and movements of Japanese spiny lobster (Panulirus japonicus) in a proposed offshore wind farm area: Implications for the coexistence of offshore wind energy development and coastal fisheries Sasaki, I., Matsumoto, Y., Takeda, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Getting stakeholders aboard for offshore wind decommissioning: A qualitative study on end of life challenges in Belgium Vetters, J., Thomassen, G., Van Passel, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Offshore wind farms could impact coastal marine heatwaves in eastern boundary upwelling systems Dalsin, M., Walter, R., Mazzini, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes
SENSITIVITY MAPPING OF RELATIVE RISKS TO BATS FROM DANISH OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY Brinkløv, S., Uebel, A., Fjederholt, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Bats
Summary of Bird Monitoring Reports from Operational Wind Energy Facilities in South Africa BirdLife South Africa Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
Which is worse for wildlife, wind farms or oil drilling? Hardach, S. Magazine Article Wind Energy Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Cumulative barriers to renewable energy development: Can we adjust our perspective and approach to benefit biodiversity? Cook, E., Masden, E., Humphreys, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Can aerodynamic noise from large offshore wind turbines affect marine life? Botero-Bolivar, L., Marino, O., de Frutos, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Investigating the influence of a bubble curtain on the underwater sound wave field generated by offshore pile driving Bohne, T., Rolfes, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
Advancing bat monitoring: Assessing the impact of unmanned aerial systems on bat activity Roswag, M., Roswag, A., Fietz, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Glider Surveillance for Near-Real-Time Detection and Spatial Management of North Atlantic Right Whales Indeck, K., Baumgartner, M., Lecavalier, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Eoldist, a Web Application for Estimating Cautionary Detection Distance of Birds by Automatic Detection Systems to Reduce Collisions With Wind Turbines Fluhr, J., Duriez, O., Blary, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Offshore wind energy: assessing trace element inputs and the risks for co-location of aquaculture Watson, G., Banfield, G. , Watson, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Chemicals Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy in the Gulf of Mexico: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs [Booklet] Severy, M., Farr, H., Richlen, M. Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Guidelines for Providing Information for Mitigating Impacts to Commercial and For Hire Recreational Fisheries on the Outer Continental Shelf Pursuant to 30 CFR Part 585 BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
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