Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Monitoring Bat Activity at the Dutch EEZ in 2014 Lagerveld, S., Poerink, B., de Vries, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats
Renewables-to-reefs: Participatory multicriteria decision analysis is required to optimize wind farm decommissioning Fowler, A., Macreadie, P., Booth, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Marine Renewable Energy Converters and Biofouling: A Review on Impacts and Prevention Titah-Benbouzid, H., Benbouzid, M. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Invertebrates
Hybrid Wave and Offshore Wind Farms: a Comparative Case Study of Co-located Layouts [Conference Paper] Astariz, S., Perez-Collazo, C., Abanades, J. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Combining Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Extraction: An Environmental Perspective Rumes, B., Marcantonio, M., Lauwaert, B. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Continuation Implementation Masterplan Wind at Sea Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate (Rijksoverheid), Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment (Rijkswaterstaat) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise
Good practice during Wind Farm construction Scottish Renewables, Scottish Natural Heritage, Scottish Environment Protection Agency Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore North Carolina Revised Environmental Assessment Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Succession and Seasonal Dynamics of the Epifauna Community on Offshore Wind Farm Foundations and their Role as Stepping Stones for Non-Indigenous Species De Mesel, I., Kerckhof, F., Norro, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Invertebrates
Equivocal Effects of Offshore Wind Farms in Belgium on Soft Substrate Epibenthos and Fish Assemblages Vandendriessche, S., Derweduwen, J., Hostens, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates
Assessment of Entanglement Risk to Marine Megafauna due to Offshore Renewable Energy Mooring Systems Harnois, V., Smith, H., Benjamins, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Marine Mammals
Developing an Avian Collision Risk Model to Incorporate Variability and Uncertainty Masden, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds
Symbiotic Offshore Energy Harvesting and Storage Systems Slocum, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Wave, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Birds
How anthropogenic noise affects foraging Luo, J., Siemers, B., Koselj, K. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Bats
A Quantitative-Based Evaluation of the Environmental Impact and Sustainability of a Proposed Onshore Wind Farm in the United Kingdom Phillips, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Economic Input–Output Based Sustainability Analysis of Onshore and Offshore Wind Energy Systems Noori, M., Kucukvar, M., Tatari, O. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
NYSERDA Environmental Research Program Plan Research Area 4: Marine Wind and Wildlife New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Towards a Cumulative Collision Risk Assessment of Local and Migrating Birds in North Sea Offshore Wind Farms Brabant, R., Vanermen, N., Steinen, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Seabirds, Passerines, Birds
Impacts of Wind Energy on Environment: A Review Wang, S., Wang, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Bats, Birds
Effect of exposure duration to pile driving sounds on temporary hearing threshold shift in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Kastelein, R., Hoek, L., Covi, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Improving Australia's Renewable Energy Project Policy and Planning: A Multiple Stakeholder Analysis Martin, N., Rice, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Stakeholder Engagement, Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Hawai'i Clean Energy Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement - Summary U.S. Department of Energy Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Assessing Seabird Displacement at Offshore Wind Farms: Power Ranges of a Monitoring and Data Handling Protocol Vanermen, N., Onkelinx, T., Verschelde, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Seabirds, Birds
Combining Wave Energy with Wind and Solar: Short-Term Forecasting Reikard, G., Robertson, B., Bidlot, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Wave, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy
Offshore Wind Park Monitoring Programmes, Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the Future Lindeboom, H., Degraer, S., Dannheim, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Wind farm prioritisation based on potential impacts on wolf (Canis lupus) habitat in Croatia Passoni, G. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Terrestrial Mammals
Managing coexistence for bats and wind turbines Alvarez-Castaneda, T., Lidicker, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Seabird Avoidance and Attraction at an Offshore Wind Farm in the Belgian Part of the North Sea Vanermen, N., Onkelinx, T., Courtens, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Avoidance, Attraction Seabirds, Birds
Toward Wind Farm Monitoring Optimization: Assessment of Ecological Zones from Marine Landscapes using Machine Learning Algorithms Grilli, A., Shumchenia, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes
Towards a Numerical Model to Simulate the Observed Displacement of Harbour Porpoises Phocoena phocoena Due to Pile Driving in Belgian Waters Haelters, J., Duliere, V., Vigin, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Displacement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Comparison of Manual and Semi-Automatic Underwater Imagery Analyses for Monitoring of Benthic Hard-Bottom Organisms at Offshore Renewable Energy Installations Saskov, A., Dahlgren, T., Rzhanov, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Rapid Macrobenthic Recovery after Dredging Activities in an Offshore Wind Farm in the Belgian Part of the North Sea Coates, D., Van Hoey, G., Colson, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Final progress report of a 12 month pre - construction bat monitoring study for the Proposed Waaihoek Wind Energy Facility near Utrecht, KwaZulu-Natal Kruger, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
An Analytical Model for the Underwater Sound Pressure Waveforms Radiated when an Offshore Pile is Driven Hall, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Impulsive Sounds Change European Seabass Swimming Patterns: Influence of Pulse Repetition Interval Neo, Y., Ufkes, E., Kastelein, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Demersal Fish
Mobile Autonomous Platforms for Passive-Acoustic Monitoring of High-frequency Klinck, H., Fregosi, S., Matsumoto, H. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Feasibility of Predictive Mapping of Marine Growth Miller, R., Macleod, A. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Invertebrates
Landscapes for Energy and Wildlife: Conservation Prioritization for Golden Eagles across Large Spatial Scales Tack, J., Fedy, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Monitoring and Researching Ecological Effects of Dutch Offshore Windfarms, Masterplan 2.0 and Appendix Arcadis Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Failure Mode Identification and End of Life Scenarios of Offshore Wind Turbines: A Review Luengo, M., Kolios, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
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