Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Monitoring of Wintering Geese in the AES Geo Energy Wind Farm "St Nikola" Territory and the Kaliakra Region in Winter 2014/2015 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Waterfowl, Birds
Underpinning the precautionary principle with evidence: A spatial concept for guiding wind power development in endangered species' habitats Braunisch, V., Coppes, J., Bachle, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Spatial Framework Assessment and Assessment Criteria for On-Shore Wind Energy Development in West Lothian West Lothian Council Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Ecological Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds: Questions, Hypotheses, and Research Needs Wang, S., Smith, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Recommendations for distances of wind turbines to important areas for birds as well as breeding sites of selected bird species Working Group of German State Bird Conservancies Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
TROPOS Project Final Report Brito, J. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Hywind Scotland Pilot Park Seabirds and Marine Mammals Technical Report Xodus Group, Natural Research Ltd Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Marine Mammals
Marine Planning for Wales - Strategic Scoping Exercise Welsh Government Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2015 Rodrigues, L. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats
Design and Testing of an Integrated Wildlife-Wind Turbine Interactions Detection System Flowers, J. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Not in my backyard, but not far away from me: Local acceptance of wind power in China Guo, Y., Ru, P., Su, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
2015 Conference on Wind Energy and Wildlife Impacts: Book of Abstracts Köppel, J., Schuster, E. Conference Paper Wind Energy
Iteration cycle: Dealing with peaks in counts of birds following active fishing vessels when assessing cumulative effects of offshore wind farms and other human activities in the Southern North Sea Leopold, M., Collier, M., Gyimesi, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Sustainable Siting Process in Large Wind Farms Case Study in Crete Tsoutsos, T., Tsitoura, I., Kokologos, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions
Preliminary Assessment of Offshore Wind Development Impacts on Marine Ecosystems Huang, H., Hall, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
A bat fatality risk model at wind farms in Dobrogea, Romania, using a GIS approach Măntoiu, D., Chisamera, G., Chachula, O. Presentation Wind Energy Bats, Ecosystem Processes
Olivebranches and Idiot's Guides: Frameworks for Community Engagement in Australian Wind Farm Development Howard, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Stakeholder Engagement, Human Dimensions
Limited Impact of a Small Residential Wind Turbine on Birds on an Off-Shore Island in Maine Morris, S., Stumpe, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Developing a Habitat Loss Method for Assessing Displacement Impacts from Offshore Wind Farms Busch, M., Buisson, R., Barrett, Z. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Seabirds, Birds
Wildlife Impacts of and Public Attitudes Towards Small Wind Turbines Tatchley, C. Thesis Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats
Environmental Issues Associated with Wind Energy - A Review Dai, K., Bergot, A., Liang, C. Journal Article Wind Energy
Attitudes towards Marine Energy: Understanding the Values de Groot, J. Thesis Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services Jones, N., Pejchar, L., Kiesecker, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data
Scotland's National Marine Plan - A Single Framework for Managing Our Seas Marine Scotland Science Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Estimates and Correlates of Bird and Bat Mortality at Small Wind Turbine Sites Minderman, J., Fuentes-Montemayor, E., Pearce-Higgins, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Beatrice Offshore Windfarm - Pre-construction Baseline Sandeel Survey – Technical Report Beatrice Offshore Windfarm Limited Report Wind Energy Fish
Analysis of Wind Farm Effects on the Surrounding Environment: Assessing Population Trends of Breeding Passerines Garcia, D., Canavero, G., Ardenghi, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Renewable Energy Technologies and Migratory Species: Guidelines for sustainable deployment van der Winden, J., van Vliet, F., Patterson, A. Report Wind Energy, Marine Energy
Report on the Implications for European Sites Proposed Navitus Bay Wind Park The Planning Inspectorate for England and Wales Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
A GIS-Multicriteria Approach to Analyzing Noise and Visual Impacts of Wind Farms Fang, B. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Visual Impacts, Human Dimensions
Building the Blue Economy: The Role of Marine Spatial Planning in Facilitating Offshore Renewable Energy Development Young, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
Camera-Trapping as a Methodology to Assess the Persistence of Wildlife Carcasses Resulting from Collisions with Human-Made Structures Paula, J., Bispo, R., Leite, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision
Park optimization and wake interaction study at Bockstigen offshore wind power plant Morales, J. Report Wind Energy
How to Mitigate Impacts of Wind Farms on Bats? A Review of Potential Conservation Measures in the European Context Peste, F., Paula, A., Pinto da Silva, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Bats
Dark Green Electricity Comes from the Sea: Capitalizing on Ecological Merits of Offshore Wind Power? Toonen, H., Lindeboom, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Performance and Integrity of Protective Coating Systems for Offshore Wind Power Structures after Three Years Under Offshore Site Conditions Momber, A., Plagemann, P., Stenzel, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals
Using Environmental Impact Assessment and Post-Construction Monitoring Data to Inform Wind Energy Developments Zwart, M., Robson, P., Rankin, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Ecosystem Processes
Offshore Wind Farms Development in Relation to Environmental Protected Areas Spiropoulou, I., Karamanis, D., Kehayias, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Rights and Ownership in Sea Country: Implications of Marine Renewable Energy for Indigenous and Local Communities Kerr, S., Colton, J., Johnson, K. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Bird Sensitivity Mapping for Wind Energy Developments and Associated Infrastructure in the Republic of Ireland McGuiness, S., Muldoon, C., Tierney, N. Report Wind Energy Birds
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