Abstract
Wind energy generation is among the fastest growing sources of renewable energies (AWEA, 2014; EWEA, 2015), and is rapidly expanding on-land and offshore (REN21, 2014). Unfortunately, the environmental impacts (both direct through bird and bat mortality, and indirect via habitat degradation and fragmentation; Northrup and Wittemyer, 2013) of HAWT were identified only after this technology had already entered the energy market. At that stage, there was little opportunity to make improvements that could reduce risk to wildlife while also allowing continued energy generation.