Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Decision Support Model on Environmental Impact and Economic Evaluation for Marine Renewable Energy – Case Study on Penghu Archipelago Chang, Y.-C. Thesis Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy Habitat Change Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World Voigt, C., Kingston, T. Book Wind Energy Bats
Challenge of Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring in High-Energy Environments: UK Tidal Environments and Other Case Studies Booth, C. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy
Exploring the wakes of large offshore wind farms Emeis, S., Siedersleben, S., Lampert, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Soundscape and Noise Exposure Monitoring in a Marine Protected Area Using Shipping Data and Time-Lapse Footage Merchant, N., Pirotta, E., Barton, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Conflicts Between Birds and On-Shore Wind Farms Zwart, M., McKenzie, A., Minderman, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Data to Decision in a Dynamic Ocean: Robust Species Distribution Models and Spatial Decision Frameworks Halpin, P. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Recreation & Tourism
Effects of a Wind Energy Development on Greater Sage-Grouse Habitat Selection and Population Demographics in Southeastern Wyoming LeBeau, C., Johnson, G., Holloran, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Multiple-Pulse Sounds and Seals: Results of a Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) Telemetry Study During Wind Farm Construction Hastie, G., Russell, B., McConnell, B. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Approaching Population Thresholds in Presence of Uncertainty: Assessing Displacement of Seabirds from Offshore Wind Farms Busch, M., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Seabirds, Birds
A strategic policy framework for promoting the marine energy sector in Spain Vazquez, S., Astariz, S., Iglesias, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Using DNA barcoding to improve bat carcass identification at wind farms in the United States Korstian, J., Hale, A., Bennett, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Assessing local population vulnerability with branching process models: an application to wind energy development Erickson, R., Eager, E., Stanton, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Offshore Wind Farm Wake Effect on Stratification and Coastal Upwelling Paskyabi, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
A framework for decision points to trigger adaptive management actions in long-term incidental take permits Dalthorp, D., Huso, M. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Impact of wind facilities on bats in the Neotropics Rodríguez-Durán, A., Feliciano-Robles, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Attraction Bats
Engaging Communities in Offshore Wind: Case Studies and Lessons Learned from New England Islands Klain, S., MacDonald, S., Battista, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Subsea Cable Interactions with the Marine Environment NIRAS Consulting, Renewables Grid Initiative Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Water Quality
Humber Gateway: Bird Detection Radar Pink-footed Goose Monitoring Autumn 2015 Jones, R., Peggie, C., Fouracre, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Resolving society's energy trilemma through Energy Justice Metric Heffron, R., McCauley, D., Sovacool, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
An Assessment of Direct Mortality to Avifauna from Wind Energy Facilities in North Dakota and South Dakota Graff, B. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Direct Mortality of Birds from Anthropogenic Causes Loss, S., Will, T., Marra, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
Wind Turbines as Overwintering Sites Attractive to an Invasive Lady Beetle, Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Dudek, K., Dudek, M., Tryjanowski, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction
Social Acceptance of On-Shore Wind Energy in Apulia Region (Southern Italy) Caporale, D., De Lucia, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Three Dimensional Tracking of a Wide-Ranging Marine Predator: Flight Heights and Vulnerability to Offshore Wind Farms Cleasby, I., Wakefield, E., Bearhop, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Seabirds, Birds
Surface Texture Differentiation Using Synthetic Bat Echolocation Calls: Implications for Reducing Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines Yuen, B. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction Bats
Valuation of Ecological and Amenity Impacts of an Offshore Windfarm as a Factor in Marine Planning Börger, T., Hooper, T., Austen, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Visual Impacts, Human Dimensions
La conservación de los murciélagos y el desarrollo eólico: El caso de Chile Ossa, G, Juarez, C., Vargas-Rodriguez, R Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats
Energy Systems and their Impacts on Marine Ecosystem Services Papathanasopoulou, E., Beaumont, N., Hooper, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Ecosystem Processes
Report on the Implications for European Sites Proposed Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm (Zone 4) - Project Two The Planning Inspectorate for England and Wales Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Evolution of Marine Noise Pollution Management Dolman, S., Jasny, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Synopsis des internationalen Kenntnisstandes zum Einfluss der Windenergie auf Fledermäuse und Vögel und Spezifizierung für die Schweiz Muller, J., Warnke, M., Reichenbach, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
ADDRESSING IMPACTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY DEPLOYMENT ON MIGRATORY WATERBIRDS African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds Agreement (AEWA) Report Wind Energy Birds
Ökobilanzierung von Schweizer Windenergie Eymann, L., Stucki, M., Fürholz, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Life Cycle Assessment, Human Dimensions, Birds
Likelihood of a Marine Vessel Accident from Wind Energy Development in the Atlantic Copping, A., Breithaupt, S., Whiting, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Navigation, Human Dimensions
Effects of Wind Farms on Montagu's Harrier (Circus pygargus) in Southern Spain Hernández-Pliego, J., de Lucas, M., Muñoz, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
A comparative assessment of proposed offshore wind power demonstration projects in the United States Bates, A., Firestone, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Perceptions of fishers and developers on the co-location of offshore wind farms and decapod fisheries in the UK Hooper, T., Ashley, M., Austen, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
The Scientific Validity of Criticisms made by the RSPB of Metrics used to Assess Population Level Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms on Seabirds Cook, A., Robinson, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Challenges in Implementing Sustainable Marine Spatial Planning: The New Portuguese Legal Framework Case Santos, C., Orbach, M., Calado, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Marine Spatial Planning, Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
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