Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2472
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Lake-crossing behavior of migratory songbirds: Assessing potential collision risk with offshore wind on Lake Erie Korpi, Z. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Passerines
Effects and management implications of emerging marine renewable energy technologies Copping, A., Wood, D., Rumes, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, OTEC, Salinity Gradient Chemicals, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Exploring development of spatially stratified wind turbine collision risk prior distributions for eagles: An application of adaptive management Howell, P., New, L., Bjerre, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Tidal Stream Energy Project: Collision Risk Data and Evidence Summary Phillips, E., Wren, S., King, G. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Strategic seaweed farming to support protected seabirds impacted by offshore windfarms Furness, R., Furness, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Vulnerability and behavioural avoidance of Golden Eagles near wind farms during the breeding season Maynard, L., Lemaître, J., Therrien, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
This is EPIC: Extensive Periphery for Impact and Control to study seabird habitat loss in and around offshore wind farms combining a peripheral control area and Bayesian statistics Grundlehner, A., Leopold, M., Kersten, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Outlook on the development of eco-friendly offshore renewable energy technologies Sun, P., Jiang, Z., Chen, Y. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Offshore wind development in the Great Lakes: challenges, resources and technical solutions Javaherian, M., Wang, A., Hall, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Marine artificial light at night: Implications and potential hazards for offshore songbird and bat movements in the Greater North Sea Walsh, C., Hüppop, O., Karwinkel, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Collision Bats, Birds
Impact of offshore wind farms on the fauna of the Baltic Sea Cieślewicz, N., Pilarski, K., Pilarska, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Used to Assess Performance of Automated Detection and Audio Deterrent System for Reducing Wind-Turbine Collison Risk for Golden Eagles Smith, J., Schneider, S., Zirpoli, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Spatial conflict resolution in marine spatial plans and permitting procedures for offshore wind energy: an analysis of measures adopted in Denmark, England and the Netherlands Kusters, J., van Kann, F., Zuidema, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Summary of Bird Monitoring Reports from Operational Wind Energy Facilities in South Africa BirdLife South Africa Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
Estimated golden eagle mortality from wind turbines in the western United States Gedir, J., Gould, M., Millsap, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Which is worse for wildlife, wind farms or oil drilling? Hardach, S. Magazine Article Wind Energy Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Eoldist, a Web Application for Estimating Cautionary Detection Distance of Birds by Automatic Detection Systems to Reduce Collisions With Wind Turbines Fluhr, J., Duriez, O., Blary, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy in the Gulf of Mexico: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs [Booklet] Severy, M., Farr, H., Richlen, M. Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
System impacts of wind energy developments: Key research challenges and opportunities McKenna, R., Lilliestam, J., Heinrichs, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Impact of Wind Energy on Flying Wildlife in Leading Wind Energy Producing Countries of Latin America: Challenges and Priorities WREN, Rivera, M., Rebolo, N. Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
A Fuzzy Logic Technique for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Marine Renewable Energy Power Plants Flores, P., Mendoza, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Ocean Current, OTEC, Tidal, Wave Attraction, Avoidance, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Visual Impacts
Wind energy development in Latin America and the Caribbean: Risk assessment for flying vertebrates Rebolo-Ifran, N., Nicolas A. L., Lambertucci, S. A. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Floating Offshore Wind Energy Infrastructure Nielsen, K., Robertson, B., Sierman, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Cumulative collision risk and population-level consequences of industrial wind-power plant development for two vulture species: A quantitative warning Bounas, A., Vasilakis, D., Kret, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Developing the Offshore Wind that Birds Need Seavy, N., Wojcicki, S., Madden, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Will red-crowned cranes avoid coastal wind farms? A research based on satellite tracking in Yancheng coastal wetland Hu, X., Wu, D., Chen, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Shorebirds
Potential feeding sites for seabirds and marine mammals reveal large overlap with offshore wind energy development worldwide Morant, J., Payo-Payo, A., Maria-Valera, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report July 2023 to June 2024 Smith, K. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Behavioral and functional responses of different bird clades to offshore windfarms in yellow sea, China Liu, W., Yuan, S., Shen, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Development of a collision impact indicator to integrate in the life cycle assessment of offshore wind farms Baulaz, Y., Araignous, E., Pérez-López, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Offshore wind and impacts on migratory waterfowl of the Atlantic flyway White, M. Thesis Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Effects of wind turbine dimensions on the collision risk of raptors: A simulation approach based on flight height distributions Schaub, T., Klaassen, R., Zutter, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Wave and Tidal Energy: Evaluation of Feasibility, Costs, and Benefits Senate Bill 605 Report Lee, S., Strong, V., Aspen Environmental Group Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Feasibility of strategic ornithological compensatory measures in the Scottish context Tapia-Harris, C., Evans, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
How should the use of offshore wind farms by birds be approached and should it be encouraged? Henry, S., Bourgeois, K., Cadiou, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Investigating Avian habitat modification and behavioral dynamics in active wind farm environments Salkanovic, E., Enevoldsen, P., Xydis, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Going digital: challenges in monitoring marine megafauna when comparing results from visual and digital aerial surveys Quéroué, M., Authier, M., Besnard, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Avoidance and attraction responses of kittiwakes to three offshore wind farms in the North Sea Pollock, C., Johnston, D., Boersch-Supan, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Design of a Launcher for Wildlife Collision Simulation on Wind Turbines to Validate Strike Detection Systems Roadman, J., Goldhor, R., Hein, C. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Detektionssysteme zur ereignisbezogenen Abschaltung von Windenergieanlagen zum Schutz von tagaktiven Brutvögeln Bruns, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
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