Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Seafloor Disturbance and Recovery Monitoring at the Block Island Wind Farm, Rhode Island – Summary Report Khan, A., Smith, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Winter 2018-2019 Taxonomic Analysis Summary Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Human perception of wind farm vibration Nguyen, D., Hansen, K., Zajamsek, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Human Dimensions
Impact of magnetic fields generated by AC/DC submarine power cables on the behavior of juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus) Taormina, B., Di Poi, C., Agnalt, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy EMF Invertebrates, Legal & Policy
Immune response of mollusk Onchidium struma to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF, 50 Hz) exposure based on immune-related enzyme activity and De novo transcriptome analysis Zhang, M., Wang, J., Sun, Q. Journal Article Wind Energy EMF Invertebrates
Identifying Birds' Collision Risk with Wind Turbines Using a Multidimensional Utilization Distribution Method Khosravifard, S., Skidmore, A., Naimi, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
The Race to the Water for Offshore Renewable Energy: Assessing Cumulative and In-combination Impacts for Offshore Renewable Energy Developments Caine, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Mapping wind-power controversies on social media: Facebook as a powerful mobilizer of local resistance Borch, K., Munk, A., Dahlgaard, V. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
USA Wind Energy-Caused Bat Fatalities Increase with Shorter Fatality Search Intervals Smallwood, K. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats
Noise mitigation for the construction of increasingly large offshore wind turbines Koschinski, S., Lüdemann, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Optimal power dispatch strategy of onshore wind farms considering environmental impact Wu, X., Wu, W., Huang, Q. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Human Dimensions
Impulsive noise pollution in the Northeast Atlantic: Reported activity during 2015–2017 Merchant, N., Andersson, M., Box, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Assessing fatality risk of bats at offshore wind turbines Lagerveld, S., Noort, C., Meesters, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Distributive fairness and local acceptance of wind turbines: The role of compensation schemes Jorgenson, M., Anker, H., Lassen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Managing the oceans: Site selection of a floating offshore wind farm based on GIS spatial analysis Castro-Santos, L., Lamas-Galdo, M., Filgueira-Vizoso, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Accommodative public leadership in wind energy development: Enabling citizens initiatives in the Netherlands van Aalderen, N., Horlings, L. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
A comparative analysis of the life cycle environmental emissions from wind and coal power: Evidence from China Li, H., Jiang, H., Dong, K. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
How ‘Blue’ Is ‘Green’ Energy? Wright, A., Araujo-Wang, C., Wang, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Attracted to the outside: a meso-scale response pattern of lesser black-backed gulls at an offshore wind farm revealed by GPS telemetry Vanermen, N., Courtens, W., Daelemans, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
The management utility of large-scale environmental drivers of bat mortality at wind energy facilities: The effects of facility size, elevation and geographic location MacGregor, K., Lemaître, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Bats
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Winter 2018-2019 Target Extraction Summary Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Recent Advances in Wind Turbine Noise Research Hansen, C., Hansen, K. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
Optimizing image-based protocol to monitor macroepibenthic communities colonizing artificial structures Taormina, B., Marzloff, M., Desroy, N. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Physical Environment, Invertebrates
Characterization of impact pile driving signals during installation of offshore wind turbine foundations Amaral, J., Miller, J., Potty, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Methodology for collision-frequency analysis of wind-turbine installation vessels Kim, S., Seo, J., Ma, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Navigation
Marine spatial planning in Barbuda: A social, ecological, geographic, and legal case study Johnson, A., McClintock, W., Burton, O. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Learning from Real-World Experience to Understand Renewable Energy Impacts to Wildlife Conkling, T., Vander Zanden, H., Poessel, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
A comparative life-cycle analysis of tall onshore steel wind-turbine towers Stavridou, N., Koltsakis, E., Baniotopoulos, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Assessing population‐level consequences of anthropogenic stressors for terrestrial wildlife Katzner, T., Braham, M., Conkling, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Community Acceptance of Wind Energy Developments: Experience from Wind Energy Scarce Regions in Europe Leiren, M., Aakre, S., Linnerud, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Revolution Wind COP Appendix AA: Assessment of the Potential Effects of the Revolution Wind Offshore Wind Farm on Birds and Bats Biodiversity Research Institute Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Pronghorn Winter Resource Selection Before and After Wind Energy Development in South-Central Wyoming Smith, K., Taylor, K., Albeke, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Terrestrial Mammals
Investigating the potential impact of wind farms on Lake Erie Afsharian, S., Taylor, P., Momayez, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Water Quality
Using a new USA multi-region input output (MRIO) model for assessing economic and energy impacts of wind energy expansion in USA Fauray, F., Vunnava, V., Lenzen, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Revolution Wind COP Appendix K: Onshore Natural Resources and Biological Assessment Vanasse Hangen Brustlin Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Physical Environment
Toward an Ecosystem Approach of Marine Renewable Energy: The Case of the Offshore Wind Farm of Courseulles-sur-Mer in the Bay of Seine Niquil, N., Raoux, A., Haraldsson, M. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Strategic Plan to Protect California’s Coast and Ocean 2020–2025 Crowfoot, W., Blumenfeld, J., Yee, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Fish, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Ultrasonic Acoustic Deterrent in Reducing Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities - Final Technical Report Schirmacher, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Effects of Wind Turbine Curtailment on Bird and Bat Fatalities Smallwood, K., Bell, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
A Model for Disentangling Dependencies and Impacts among Human Activities and Marine Ecosystem Services Bryhn, A., Kraufvelin, P., Bergström, U. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
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