Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Guidelines for Submission of Spatial Data for Atlantic Offshore Renewable Energy Development Site Characterization Surveys BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Guidance Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Information Guidelines for a Renewable Energy Construction and Operations Plan (COP) Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Guidance Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Guidelines for Providing Avian Survey Information for Renewable Energy Development on the Outer Continental Shelf Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Annual movement patterns of American common eiders Somateria mollissima dresseri Mallory, M., Ronconi, R., Allen, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Birds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Marine Ecosystems, Pelagic Species and Fishing Negro, V., del Campo, J., Luengo Frades, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Displacement Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Recreation & Tourism
Wildlife and infrastructure: impact of wind turbines on bats in the Black Sea coast region Mantoui, D., Kravchenko, K., Lehnert, L. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats
Global Research and Trends in Renewable Energy: Ocean Waves, Tidal Energy and Offshore Wind Cui, Y., Xu, D., Liu, Z. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Taking the Animals' Perspective Regarding Anthropogenic Underwater Sound Popper, A., Hawkins, A., Thomsen, F. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Exploring the environmental and economic impacts of wind energy: a cost-benefit perspective Adeyeye, K., Ijumba, N., Colton, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Perspectives on environmental impacts and a land reclamation strategy for solar and wind energy systems Dhar, A., Naeth, M., Jennings, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Assessing Potential Impacts of Offshore Wind Facilities on Regional Sea Scallop Laval and Early Juvenile Transports Chen, C., Zhao, L., He, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates
On the food-web ecology of offshore wind farms, the kingdom of suspension feeders Mavraki, N. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates
Review of the impact of renewable energy development on the environment and nature conservation in Southeast Asia Pratiwi, S., Juerges, N. Journal Article Wind Energy
A Life Cycle Cost Model for Floating Offshore Wind Farms Maienza, C., Avossa, A., Ricciardelli, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment, Social & Economic Data
Understanding Potential Effects of West Coast Offshore Renewable Energy Development on Marine Mammals Reeb, D. Presentation Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Survival rates of birds for use in population models Collier, M., Courtens, W., van Daele, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
Using Artificial-Reef Knowledge to Enhance the Ecological Function of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations: Implications for Fish Abundance and Diversity Glarou, M., Zrust, M., Svendsen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish
Quantifying biodiversity trade-offs in the face of widespread renewable and unconventional energy development Popescu, V., Munshaw, R., Shackelford, N. Journal Article Marine Energy, Riverine, Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Fish, Terrestrial Mammals
The implications of landscape visual impact on future highly renewable power systems: a case study for Great Britain Price, J., Mainzer, K., Petrovic, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Visual Impacts
Technological evolution of wind energy with social network analysis Altuntas, F., Gok, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Highly Migratory Species Report 2020, Vineyard Wind Kneebone, J., Capizzano, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Challenges and Recommendations for Environmental Compliance for Marine Renewable Energy: Avoiding Issues Early for Efficient Permitting and Practicable Mitigation Courbis, S. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Risk management in distributed wind energy implementing Analytic Hierarchy Process Zhou, S., Yang, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Science in support of ecologically sound decommissioning strategies for offshore man-made structures: taking stock of current knowledge and considering future challenges Birchenough, S., Degraer, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Fact Sheet: A Risk-Based Approach for Addressing Wind and Wildlife Interactions using Ecosystem-Based Management Values WREN Summary Wind Energy
Multi-criteria and focus group analysis for social acceptance of wind energy Caporale, D., Sangiorgio, V., Amodio, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions
Assessments of carbon footprint and energy analysis of three wind farms Xie, J., Fu, J., Liu, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Long-term visual impacts of aging infrastructure: Challenges of decommissioning wind power infrastructure and a survey of alternative strategies Szumilas-Kowalczyk, H., Pevzner, N., Giedych, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Functional differences in trophic structure of offshore wind farm communities: A stable isotope study Mavraki, N., Degraer, S., Moens, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates
Ecological best practice in decommissioning: a review of scientific research Fortune, I., Paterson, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
The proportion of flatfish recruitment in the North Sea potentially affected by offshore windfarms Barbut, L., Vastenhoud, B., Vigin, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish
The performance of marine spatial planning in coordinating offshore wind energy with other sea-uses: The case of the Dutch North Sea Spijkerboer, R., Zuidema, C., Busscher, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
The ecology of infrastructure decommissioning in the North Sea: what we need to know and how to achieve it Fowler, A., Jørgensen, A., Coolen, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Ecosystem Processes
ThermalTracker-3D: A thermal stereo vision system for quantifying bird and bat activity at offshore wind energy sites Matzner, S., Warfel, T., Hull, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance Bats, Birds
Vineyard Wind American Lobster, Black Sea Bass, Larval Lobster Abundance Survey, And Lobster Tagging Study of the 501N Study Area, 2019 Survey Season Annual Report Stokesbury, K., Cassidy, K., Zygmunt, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Overcoming Barriers to Wind Energy Development: A Case Study Analysis of Native American Projects Zimmerman, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Comparing the territorial performances of renewable energy sources' plants with an integrated ecosystem services loss assessment: A case study from the Basilicata region (Italy) Scorza, F., Pilogallo, A., Saganeiti, L. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Reducing Bat Fatalities Using Ultrasonic Acoustic Deterrent Technology: A Potential Mechanism for Conservation at Offshore Wind Energy Sites O'Neil, D. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Renewable energy development threatens many globally important biodiversity areas Rehbein, J., Watson, J., Lane, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions
The impact of onshore wind power projects on ecological corridors and landscape connectivity in Shanxi, China Guo, X., Zhang, X., Du, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change
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