Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Wind Power and Job Creation Aldieri, L., Grafstrom, J., Sundstrom, K. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Red-throated Diver Energetics Project: Preliminary Results from 2018/19 Duckworth, J., Green, J., Daunt, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Waterfowl
Exploring an incremental pathway to the development of multi-use exploitation within offshore wind farms Lobregt, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Measurement methods of socioeconomic impacts of renewable energy projects Karytsas, S., Mendrinos, D., Karytsas, C. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Citizen participation for wind energy: experiences from Germany and beyond Hübner, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Renewable Energy and Land Use in India: A Vision to Facilitate Sustainable Development Kiesecker, J., Baruch-Mordo, S., Heiner, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Human Dimensions
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Empirical Evidence Inspiring Priority Monitoring, Research and Management Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Anthropogenic threats to benthic habitats Harris, P. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment
Energy consumption and income distribution. International policies for mitigating social exclusion Genys, D. Book Chapter Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
International Law and Offshore Energy Production: Marine Environmental Protection through Normative Interactions Giannopoulos, N. Thesis Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Viability of Structural Health Monitoring Systems on the Support Structures of Offshore Wind Vieira, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Developments in understanding of red-throated diver responses to offshore wind farms in marine Special Protection Areas Allen, S., Banks, A., Caldow, R. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Impacts of climate change on wind energy power – Four wind farms in Spain Solaun, K., Emilio, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions
Behavioural responses in a congested sea: an observational study on a coastal nest-guarding fish Mascolino, S., Mariani, S., Benvenuto, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish
The use of seal scarers as a protective mitigation measure can induce hearing impairment in harbour porpoises Schaffeld, T., Ruser, A., Woelfing, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Fact Sheet: Adaptive Management for Wind and Wildlife Interactions WREN Summary Wind Energy
Eagle Conservation Plan for the Goodnoe Hills Wind Facility Klickitat County, Washington Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind Project Site Assessment Plan (SAP) Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Wind energy: An ecological challenge Katzner, T., Nelson, D., Diffendorfer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy
Megafauna Aerial Surveys in the Wind Energy Areas of Massachusetts and Rhode Island with Emphasis on Large Whales Summary Report - Campaign 4 2017-2018 Quintana, E., Kraus, S., Baumgartner, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment
An Offshore Renewable Energy Environmental Research & Innovation Strategy for the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Refusal of planning consent for the Docking Shoal offshore wind farm: Stakeholder perspectives and lessons learned Broadbent, I., Nixon, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Activity and behaviour of Nathusius' pipistrelle Pipistrellus nathusii at low and high altitude in a North Sea offshore wind farm Brabant, R., Laurent, Y., Poerink, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Bats
Individual or collective? Community investment, local taxes, and the social acceptance of wind energy in Switzerland Vuichard, P., Stauch, A., Dällenbach, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2019 Taxonomic Analysis Summary Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Does the colonisation of offshore renewable energy farms facilitate the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species? Nexer, M., Ben Rais Lasram, F., Bourgougnon, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates
Methodology for modeling and service life monitoring of mooring lines of floating wind turbines Pham, H., Schoefs, F., Cartraud, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates
Better estimates of collision mortality to black-legged kittiwakes at offshore windfarms Black, J., Cook, A., Anderson, O. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Wind turbine noise limits propagation of greater prairiechicken boom chorus, but does it matter? Whalen, C., Brown, M., McGee, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
From strategic marine planning to project licences – Striking a balance between predictability and adaptability in the management of aquaculture and offshore wind farms Schütz, S., Slater, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Implementing hedonic pricing models for valuing the visual impact of wind farms in Greece Skenteris, K., Mirasgedis, S., Tourkolias, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Can fixed-foundation offshore wind farms generate dangerous waves? Nexer, M., Damblans, G., Duperret, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Climate change impacts on renewable energy generation. A review of quantitative projections Solaun, K., Cerda, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Evaluation of an Acoustic Deterrent to Reduce Bat Mortalities at an Illinois Wind Farm Romano, W., Skalski, J., Townsend, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
The Expected Shoreline Effect of a Marine Energy Farm Operating Close to Sardinia Island Onea, F., Rusu, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Monitoring annoyance and stress effects of wind turbines on nearby residents Hübner, G., Pohl, J., Hoen, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Human Dimensions
Avian vulnerability to wind farm collision through the year: insights from Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus) tracked from multiple breeding colonies Thaxter, C., Ross-Smith, V., Bouten, W. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Evaluation of the near future wave energy resources in the Black Sea under two climate scenarios Rusu, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Human Dimensions
Interdisciplinary science to support North Sea marine management: lessons learned and future demands Degraer, S., Van Lancker, V., Van Dijk, T. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Attitudes of U.S. Wind Turbine Neighbors: Analysis of a Nationwide Survey Hoen, B., Firestone, J., Rand, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
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