Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Environmental Assessment of Offshore Wind Power Generation near Rhode Island: Acoustic and Electromagnetic Effects on Marine Animals [Presentation] Miller, J., Potty, G., Raposa, K. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Real-Time Environmental Monitoring from a Wind Farm Platform in the Texas Hypoxia Zone Mullins, R., DiMarco, S., Walpert, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Map-Based Repowering and Reorganization of a Wind Resource Area to Minimize Burrowing Owl and Other Bird Fatalities Smallwood, K., Neher, L., Bell, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Preliminary Flora and Fauna Assessment - Penshurst Wind Farm McMahon, A., Marr, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change
Environmental Assessment of Offshore Wind Power Generation near Rhode Island: Acoustic and Electromagnetic Effects on Marine Animals Miller, J., Potty, G., Raposa, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Noise Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Towers, Turbines, Power Lines, and Buildings-Steps Being Taken by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to Avoid or Minimize Take of Migratory Birds at these Structures Manville, A. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Life cycle analysis of 4.5 MW and 250 W wind turbines Tremeac, B., Meunier, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Range Management Practices to Reduce Wind Turbine Impacts on Burrowing Owls and Other Raptors in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California Smallwood, K., Neher, L., Bell, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
A Comparison of Offshore Wind Power Development in Europe and the US: Patterns and Drivers of Development Snyder, B., Kaiser, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Proceedings of the Fourth International Partners in Flight Conference: Tundra to Tropics Rich, T., Arizmendi, C., Demarest, D. Conference Paper Wind Energy Birds
Wind Energy Development, Prescribed Fire and Migratory Land Birds in the Southeastern United States: Breeding, Stopover, and Wintering Habitat Relationships Brennan, L., Ballard, B., Kuvlesky, W. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Interim summary: bat acoustic monitoring at the proposed Blue Creek Wind Farm, Paulding and Van Wert County, Ohio BHE Environmental Inc Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Post-Construction Avian Monitoring Study for the Shiloh I Wind Power Project Solano County, California Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Culp, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
Potential Impacts of Wind Farm Energy Development on Upland Game Birds: Questions and Concerns Brennan, L., Perez, R., DeMaso, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
An Integrated Risk Framework for Gigawatt-Scale Deployments of Renewable Energy: The U.S. Wind Energy Case Ram, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Collision Risk of Birds with Modern Large Wind Turbines Krijgsveld, K., Akershoek, K., Schenk, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds
Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm: Mid-Construction Scour and Inter-Array Cable Monitoring Surveys E.ON Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment
Humber Gateway Offshore Wind Farm: Non-Technical Summary of the Onshore Substation and Cable Spur Environmental Statement E.ON Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Port Elizabeth Wind Energy Facility Avifaunal and Bat Impact Assessment Strugnell, L., Smallie, J., Patterson-Abrolat, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Birds, Bats
Sensitive Grassland Bird Species Habitat Assessment Arkwright Summit Wind Farm Tidhar, D., Courage, Z., Young, D. Jr. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
The Distribution of Breeding Birds around Upland Wind Farms Pearce-Higgins, J., Stephen, L., Langston, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Birds
2008/2009 Annual Report for the Buena Vista Avian and Bat Monitoring Project Insignia Environmental Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Coastal Process Modelling for Offshore Windfarm Environmental Impact Assessment: Best Practice Guide Lambkin, D., Harris, J., Cooper, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Sediment Transport, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm: Before and During-construction Marine Mammal Monitoring Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd (CMACS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Marine Mammals
A Large-Scale Mitigation Experiment to Reduce Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities Baerwald, E., Edworthy, J., Holder, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Integrated Assessment of Coastal and Marine Changes Using the Example of Offshore Wind Farms: the Coastal Futures Approach Kannen, A., Burkhard, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Assessment of the Effects of the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ) for Harbour Porpoise (comparison T0 and T1) Scheidat, M., Aarts, G., Bakker, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Marine Mammals
Avian and Bat Fatality Rates at Old-Generation and Repowered Wind Turbines in California Smallwood, K., Karas, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds, Bats
Influence of Behavior on Bird Mortality in Wind Energy Developments Smallwood, K., Rugge, L., Morrison, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
An Investigation of the Wind Induced Background Sound Levels in Rural Areas for Existing and Proposed Wind Farms Bonsma, I., Munro, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise
Bird species of concern at wind farms in New Zealand Powlesland, R. Book Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Strategic Review of Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Data Associated with FEPA Licence Conditions: Marine Mammals Philpott, E., Tollit, D., Mackey, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Energy Sprawl or Energy Efficiency: Climate Policy Impacts on Natural Habitat for the United States of America McDonald, R., Fargione, J., Kiesecker, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Ecosystem Processes
Strategic Review of Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Data Associated with FEPA Licence Conditions: Birds Budgey, R., Ormston, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Did the Pile Driving during the Construction of the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee, the Netherlands, Impact Local Seabirds? Leopold, M., Camphuysen, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Seabirds, Birds
Strategic Review of Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Data Associated with FEPA Licence Conditions: Benthic Ecology Walker, R., Weiss, L., Froján, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Re-powering Scotland: Wind Farms and the 'Energy or Environment?' Debate Warren, C., Birnie, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Map-Based Repowering of the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Based on Burrowing Owl Burrows, Raptor Flights, and Collisions with Wind Turbines Smallwood, K., Neher, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Local Effects of Blue Mussels Around Turbine Foundations in an Ecosystem Model of Nysted Off-Shore Wind Farm, Denmark Maar, M., Bolding, K., Petersen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
Land-Use Requirements of Modern Wind Power Plants in the United States Denholm, P., Hand, M., Jackson, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment
Displaying 5441 - 5480 of 6408 results