Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Wind Turbine Guidelines Advisory Committee Recommendations US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Fish
A Further Review of Sediment Monitoring Data Carroll, B., Cooper, B., Dewey, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Sediment Transport, Physical Environment
Predicting the trends of vertebrate species richness as a response to wind farms installation in mountain ecosystems of northwest Portugal Santos, M., Bastos, R., Travassos, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
Avian post-construction studies and EIA for planned ex-tension of the Hitra wind-power plant Bevanger, K., Dahl, E., Gjershaug, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
The Costs of Chronic Noise Exposure for Terrestrial Organisms Barber, J., Crooks, K., Fristrup, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Marine Energy Noise
The return of the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) to northern Germany: Modelling the past to predict the future Kruger, O., Grunkorn, T., Struwe-Juhl, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
The wind is blowing the right way for birds Foote, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Assessing the Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on the Endangered Galapagos Petrel Pterodroma phaeopygia at San Cristóbal Island, Galapagos Cruz-Delgado, F., Wiedenfeld, D., Gonzalez, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Wind Turbine Interactions with Birds, Bats, and their Habitats: A Summary of Research Results and Priority Questions National Wind Coordinating Collaborative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Bat Acoustic Studies for the Pleasant Ridge Wind Resource Area - Livingston County, Illinois - Final Report July 15 - October 21, 2009 Good, R., Ritzert, J., Gruver, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Steel forests or smoke stacks: the politics of visualisation in the Cape Wind controversy Phadke, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Avian, bat and habitat cumulative impacts associated with wind energy development in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion of Eastern Washington and Oregon Johnson, G., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
London Array Offshore Wind Farm Project - Pre-Construction Marine Environmental Monitoring Plan Henson, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Risk Formulation For The Sonic Effects Of Offshore Wind Farms On Fish In The EU Region Kikuchi, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish
Expansion of Hitra Wind-Power Plant - Consequences Related to Wildlife Except Birds Veiberg, V., Pedersen, H. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Terrestrial Mammals
Offshore Wind Farms and Birds: Round 3 Zones, Extensions to Round 1 & Round 2 Sites & Scottish Territorial Waters Langston, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Final Environmental Impact Report for the SMUD Solano Wind Project Phase 3 Sacramento Municipal Utility District Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Robin Rigg Solway Offshore Wind Farm: Bird Monitoring Programme Report No. 8: construction phase bird surveys October-December 2009 and comparison of construction phase data with previous baseline Percival, S., Percival, T., Hartley, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Offshore Wind Power Policy and Planning in Sweden Söderholm, P., Pettersson, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
The Effects of Landscape Modifications on the Long-Term Persistence of Animal Populations Nabe-Nielsen, J., Sibly, R., Forchhammer, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
General Models of the Spatial Distribution of Porpoises Require Representative Data and Parsimony: Comment on Skov & Thomsen (2008) Tougaard, J., Wisz, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Mitigation of Underwater Pile Driving Noise During Offshore Construction: Final Report Stokes, A., Cockrell, K., Wilson, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Impacts Of Wind Farms On Surface Air Temperatures Traiteur, J., Roy, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Physical Environment
Investigating the impacts of windfarm development on peatlands in England Maslen Environmental Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment
Welcoming the Wind (UVP Report 24) Lüdeke, J., Koeppel, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Association Between Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) Mortality and Ship Strikes Along the California Coast Berman-Kowalewski, M., Gulland, F., Wilkin, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Navigation
The Potential of Natural Sounds to Mask Wind Turbine Noise Bolin, K., Nilsson, M., Khan, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Human Dimensions
Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Early Environmental Impact Assessment and Spatio-Temporal Variability Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Cumulative Impact Assessments and Bird/Wind Farm Interactions: Developing a Conceptual Framework Masden, E., Fox, A., Furness, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Physical Environment
Options and Opportunities for Marine Fisheries Mitigation Associated with Windfarms Blyth-Skyrme, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Stakeholder Engagement, Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Meta-Analysis of Net Energy Return for Wind Power Systems Kubiszewski, I., Cleveland, C., Endres, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
A study of White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla movements and mortality at a wind farm in Norway Nygård, T., Bevanger, K., Dahl, E. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Dønnesfjord Windpark, Hasvik Municipality: Impact Assessment, Evaluation of Natural Environment Jacobsen, K., Borg, L., Johnsen, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Conservation and management issues for the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest National Park Catsadorakis, G., Kati, V., Liarikos, C. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Introduction: offshore wind energy development in the Belgian part of the North Sea & anticipated impacts Brabant, R., Jacques, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement
Marine Wind Farms: Seabirds, White-Tailed Eagles, Eurasian Eagle-Owl and Waders - A Screening of Potential Conflict Areas Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Lorentsen, S., Dahl, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Shorebirds, Seabirds, Raptors, Birds
Ecosystem Based Modeling and Indication of Ecological Integrity in the German North Sea - Case Study Offshore Wind Parks Burkhard, B., Opitz, S., Lenhart, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
Saint Nikola Wind Farm: 2010 Breeding Bird Survey Zehtindjiev, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Best Management Practices for Bats in New Mexico Balistreri, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats
Weighing Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Impacts: A Case Study of Demersal Fish and Epibenthic Communities in the Belgian Part of the North Sea De Backer, A., Vandendriessche, S., Wittoeck, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates
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