Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Phase 1 - Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia including the Fundy Tidal Energy Demonstration Project Site - Mi’kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study Moore, D., Hodder, G. Report Wind Energy, Wave, Tidal, Marine Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Deadly Flights Curry, A. Magazine Article Wind Energy Collision Bats
Strategic Review of Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Data Associated with FEPA Licence Conditions: Fish Walker, R., Judd, A., Warr, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish
Comparison of Life Cycle Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Embodied Energy in Four Renewable Electricity Generation Technologies in New Zealand Rule, B., Worth, Z., Boyle, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
The Aversive Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation on Foraging Bats—A Possible Means of Discouraging Bats from Approaching Wind Turbines Nicholls, B., Racey, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, EMF Bats
The Aversive Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation on Foraging Bats - A Possible Means of Discouraging Bats from Approaching Wind Turbines Nicholls, B., Racey, P. Journal Article Wind Energy EMF Bats
Sage-Grouse and Wind Energy: Biology, Habits, and Potential Effects from Development Becker, J., Tagestad, J., Duberstein, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
The Politics of Landscape Value: A Case Study of Wind Farm Conflict in Rural Catalonia Zografos, C., Martinez-Alier, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
High Resolution Video Survey of Seabirds and Mammals in the Rhyl Flats Area Hexter, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Birds
Investigations into the effects of pile driving at the offshore wind farm Horns Rev II and the FINO III research platform Brandt, M., Diederichs, A., Nehls, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Life Cycle Assessment of Offshore Wind Electricity Generation in Scandinavia Tveten, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Life Cycle Assessment, Human Dimensions
C-Power / Thornton Bank Senvion Project Site Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Best Practices in Management, Assessment and Control of Underwater Noise Pollution André, M., Morell, M., Mas, A. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Economic comparison of VSC HVDC and HVAC as transmission system for a 300 MW offshore wind farm Eeckhout,B., Hertem, D., Reza, M. Journal Article Wind Energy EMF
Avoidance Behavior by Prairie Grouse: Implications for Development of Wind Energy Pruett, C., Patten, M., Wolfe, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Interim Report: Post-Construction Bat and Bird Fatality Study Blue Sky Green Field Wind Resource Area Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin Gruver, J., Bay, K., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Revised Best Practice Guidance for the Use of Remote Techniques for Ornithological Monitoring at Offshore Windfarms Walls, R., Pendlebury, C., Budgey, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Developing Guidance on Ornithological Cumulative Impact Assessment for Offshore Wind Farm Developers King, S., Maclean, I., Norman, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Potential Impacts of Wind Farms on Migratory Birds Crossing Spain Telleria, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Guidance on Environmental Impact Assessment of Offshore Renewable Energy Development on Surfing Resources and Recreation Surfers Against Sewage Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Recreation & Tourism
From State-Centered Decision-Making to Participatory Governance – Planning for Offshore Wind Farms and Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Northern Germany Bruns, A., Gee, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Bats and Onshore Wind Farms: Site-by-Site Assessment and Post-Construction Monitoring Protocols Catherine, C., Spray, S. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Avian Sensitivity to Mortality: Prioritising Migratory Bird Species for Assessment at Proposed Wind Farms Desholm, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Wind Power Plants and the Conservation of Birds and Bats in Spain: A Geographical Assessment Telleria, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Bats
Patterns of Bat Fatality at the Casselman Wind Project in South-Central Pennsylvania: 2008 Annual Report Arnett, E., Schirmacher, M., Huso, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Contextualizing Avian Mortality: A Preliminary Appraisal of Bird and Bat Fatalities from Wind, Fossil-Fuel, and Nuclear Electricity Sovacool, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Ecological and Economic Cost-Benefit Analysis of Offshore Wind Energy Snyder, B., Kaiser, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area 48-Hour Search Interval Bird Fatality Study Jones & Stokes Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Proceedings of the Wind Wildlife Research Meeting VII Schwartz, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Marine Aquaculture within Offshore Wind Farms: Social Aspects of Multiple-Use Planning Michler-Cieluch, T., Krause, G., Buck, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Birds, Bats and Coastal Wind Farm Development in Maine: A Literature Review Goodale, W., Divoll, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Assessment of Wind‐Farm and Other Bird Casualties from Carcasses Found on a Northumbrian Beach Over an 11‐Year Period Newton, I., Little, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Seabirds, Birds
Overlap Between Wind Power Plants and Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus in Spain Telleria, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Peatland Vulnerability to Energy-Related Developments from Climate Change Policy in Ireland: The Case of Wind Farms Renou-Wilson, F., Farrell, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Seasonal Distribution Of Harbour Porpoises And Possible Interference Of Offshore Wind Farms In The German North Sea Gilles, A., Scheidat, M., Siebert, U. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Marine Mammals
Annual Report for the Maple Ridge Wind Power Project Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2007 Jain, A., Kerlinger, P., Curry, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Ammonia Energy Storage, Transmission and Usage Development for Offshore Wind and Applicability to OTEC Hart, G., Holbrook, J. Conference Paper Marine Energy, OTEC, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Physical Environment
On-Shore Bird and Bat Pre- and Post-Construction Monitoring Protocol for Commercial Wind Energy Facilities in Ohio: An Addendum to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Voluntary Cooperative Agreement Ohio Department of Natural Resources Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Horns Rev II Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring of Bird Migration Skov, H., Jensen, N., Durinck, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds
Assessing the determinants of local acceptability of wind-farm investment: A choice experiment in the Greek Aegean Islands Dimitropoulos, A., Kontoleon, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
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