Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Cumulative Impact Assessments and Bird/Wind Farm Interactions: Developing a Conceptual Framework Masden, E., Fox, A., Furness, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Physical Environment
Options and Opportunities for Marine Fisheries Mitigation Associated with Windfarms Blyth-Skyrme, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Stakeholder Engagement, Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Meta-Analysis of Net Energy Return for Wind Power Systems Kubiszewski, I., Cleveland, C., Endres, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Marine Wind Farms: Seabirds, White-Tailed Eagles, Eurasian Eagle-Owl and Waders - A Screening of Potential Conflict Areas Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Lorentsen, S., Dahl, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Shorebirds, Seabirds, Raptors, Birds
Ecosystem Based Modeling and Indication of Ecological Integrity in the German North Sea - Case Study Offshore Wind Parks Burkhard, B., Opitz, S., Lenhart, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
Introduction: offshore wind energy development in the Belgian part of the North Sea & anticipated impacts Brabant, R., Jacques, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement
A study of White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla movements and mortality at a wind farm in Norway Nygård, T., Bevanger, K., Dahl, E. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Weighing Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Impacts: A Case Study of Demersal Fish and Epibenthic Communities in the Belgian Part of the North Sea De Backer, A., Vandendriessche, S., Wittoeck, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates
Conservation and management issues for the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest National Park Catsadorakis, G., Kati, V., Liarikos, C. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Preliminary Assessment of the Conservation Importance of Benthic Species and Habitats off the West Coast of Orkney and in the Pentland Firth in Relation to the Development of Renewable Energy Schemes Moore, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Invertebrates
Dønnesfjord Windpark, Hasvik Municipality: Impact Assessment, Evaluation of Natural Environment Jacobsen, K., Borg, L., Johnsen, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
The Marine environment: an acceptable alternative to land for locating renewable energy generation? Goebbels, M. Thesis Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data
Potential Climatic Impacts And Reliability Of Very Large-scale Wind Farms Wang, C., Prinn, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Minerals Management Service Documentation of Section 106 Finding of Adverse Effect (Revised) Carrier Jones, B.M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Saint Nikola Wind Farm: 2010 Breeding Bird Survey Zehtindjiev, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Best Management Practices for Bats in New Mexico Balistreri, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats
The Effect of Wind Power Installations on Coastal Tourism Lilley, M., Firestone, J., Kempton, W. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Recreation & Tourism
Post‐Construction Bat and Bird Fatality Study at the Blue Sky Green Field Wind Energy Center, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin: July 21, 2008 – October 31, 2008 and March 15, 2009 – June 4, 2009 Gruver, J., Sonnenburg, M., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Development of Underwater Flora and Fauna Communities on Hard Substrates of the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee Lengkeek, W., Bouma, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
Bats on the move Popa-Lisseanu, A., Voigt, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Lynn and Inner Dowsing Hydrographic Monitoring Survey Fugro EMU Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates
Geographic Variation in Activity and Fatality of Migratory Bats at Wind Energy Facilities Baerwald, E., Barclay, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Life cycle energy and greenhouse emissions analysis of wind turbines and the effect of size on energy yield Crawford, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Life Cycle Assessment, Human Dimensions
Differences in bat activity in relation to bat detector height: implications for bat surveys at proposed windfarm sites Collins, J., Jones, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Marine Renewable Energy: Potential Benefits to Biodiversity? An Urgent Call for Research Inger, R., Attrill, M., Bearhop, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Ecosystem Processes
Comparative life-cycle assessment of a small wind turbine for residential off-grid use Fleck, B., Huot, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Causes of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines: Hypotheses and Predictions Cryan, P., Barclay, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Bats
Pre- and Post-Construction Studies of Conflicts Between Birds and Wind Turbines in Coastal Norway (Bird Wind): Progress Report 2009 Bevanger, K., Berntsen, F., Clausen, S. Report Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Report to Congress on the Potential Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies US Department of Energy (DOE) Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
What is the Impact of Wind Farms on Birds? A Case Study in Southern Spain Farfan, M., Vargas, J., Duarte, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Birds
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of Offshore Wind and Marine Renewable Energy in Northern Ireland Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Wind Turbine Sound and Health Effects: An Expert Panel Review Colby, W., Dobie, R., Leventhall, G. Report Wind Energy Noise Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Large Scale Risk-Assessment of Wind-Farms on Population Viability of a Globally Endangered Long-Lived Raptor Carrete, M., Sanchez-Zapata, J., Benitez, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Raptors, Birds
Social Movements and Industry Development: The Environmental Movement's Impact on the Wind Energy Industry Vasi, I. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Status and Applications of Acoustic Mitigation and Monitoring Systems for Marine Mammals Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Workshop Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Spatial Planning of Offshore Wind Farms: A Windfall to Marine Environmental Protection? Punt, M., Groeneveld, R., Van Ierland, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
Ripley Wind Power Project Post-Construction Monitoring Report Jacques Whitford Stantec Limited Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Modelling Human Impacts on the Tasmanian Wedge-Tailed Eagle (Aquila audax fleayi) Bekessy, S., Wintle, B., Gordon, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Raptors, Birds
Comparison of Visual and Digital Aerial Survey Results of Avian Abundance for Round 3, Norfolk Region Burt, L., Rexstad, E., Buckland, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Challenges and Solutions of Remote Sensing at Offshore Wind Energy Developments Kelly, T., West, T., Davenport, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
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