Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Local Impacts of Wind Farms on Property Values: A Spatial Difference-in-Differences Analysis Sunak, Y., Madlener, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
A Special Purpose: The Migratory Bird Treaty Act and Wind Energy Rose, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Modeling Large Offshore Wind Farms Under Different Atmospheric Stability Regimes with the Park Wake Model Peña, A., Réthoré, P., Rathmann, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Cautious but Committed: Moving Toward Adaptive Planning and Operation Strategies for Renewable Energy's Wildlife Implications Köppel, J., Dahmen, M., Helfrich, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Accounting for False-Positive Acoustic Detections of Bats Using Occupancy Models Clement, M., Rodhouse, T., Ormsbee, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Pseudo Spectral Analysis of the Energy Entrainment in a Scaled Down Wind Farm Newman, J., Drew, D., Castillo, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow
Use of Static Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) for monitoring cetaceans at Marine Renewable Energy Installations (MREIs) for Marine Scotland Embling, C., Wilson, B., Benjamins, S. Guidance Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Characterization of the Ultrasonic Acoustic Field of a Wind Turbine Pereira, M., Fonseca, C., Inácio, O. Conference Paper Wind Energy Bats
Case Studies From Implementation of the First Commercial Leasing Processes for Areas of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Under the U.S. Renewable Energy Regulations Trager, E. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Integrated Geomodel – Horns Rev 3 Case Study Medhus, A., Marstal, S., Laier, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Parc éolien en mer de St Nazaire : Analyse complémentaire des impacts sur le Goéland marin (Larus marinus) McGregor, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
A Comprehensive Analysis of Small-Passerine Fatalities from Collision with Turbines at Wind Energy Facilities Erickson, W., Wolfe, M., Bay, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Assessing Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the Future Bailey, H., Brookes, K., Thompson, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Marine Mammals, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Mapping Seabird Sensitivity to Offshore Wind Farms Bradbury, G., Trinder, M., Furness, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to Construction of the Block Island Wind Farm National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Optimizing Conservation Strategies for Mexican Free-Tailed Bats: A Population Viability and Ecosystem Services Approach Wiederholt, R., Lopez-Hoffman, L., Svancara, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions, Bats
The Significance of Parameter Uncertainties for the Prediction of Offshore Pile Driving Noise Lippert, T., von Estorff, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Wind farms - Where and how to place them? A choice experiment approach to measure consumer preferences for characteristics of wind farm establishments in Sweden Ek, K., Persson, L. Journal Article Wind Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
An Integrated Visual Impact Assessment Model for Offshore Windfarm Development Depellegrin, D., Blažauskas, N., Egarter-Vigl, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Projet de Parc éolien en Mer de Saint- Nazaire. Diagnostic « chauves-souris » Etienne, O., Matthieu, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Origins and Migratory Patterns of Bats Killed by Wind Turbines in Southern Alberta: Evidence from Stable Isotopes Baerwald, E., Patterson, W., Barclay, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Biodiversity Offsets for Offshore Wind Farm Projects: The Current Situation in Europe Vaissière, A., Levrel, H., Pioch, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes
Guidelines for Assessing the Impact of Wind Farms on Birds and Bats Atienza, J., Martín-Fierro, I., Infante, O. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Marine Mammals of British Columbia Current Status, Distribution and Critical Habitats Ford, J., Nichol, L. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Hearing frequencies of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) temporarily affected by played back offshore pile driving sounds Kastelein, R., Gransier, R., Marijt, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Community Benefits, Framing and the Social Acceptance of Offshore Wind Farms: An Experimental Study in England Walker, B., Wiersma, B., Bailey, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Diagnostic environnemental 2013-2014 pour le groupe avifaune et évaluation du risque d’impact dans le cadre du projet de parc éolien en mer de Saint- Nazaire. Matthieu, F., Benjamin, C., Franck, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Thinking Globally and Siting Locally - Renewable Energy and Biodiversity in a Rapidly Warming World Allison, T., Root, T., Frumhoff, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Implications for Offshore Wind Farm Ornithological Cumulative Impact Assessment: How the Manipulation of Density and Breeding Season Parameters Affects the Outcomes of Collision Risk Modelling Tongue, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Research on Chinese Life Cycle-Based Wind Power Plant Environmental Influence Prevention Measures Wang, H., Xu, J., Liu, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Predicting the Large-Scale Consequences of Offshore Wind Turbine Array Development on a North Sea Ecosystem van der Molen, J., Smith, H., Lepper, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment, Ecosystem Processes
Changes in fluxes of heat, H2O, and CO2 caused by a large wind farm Rajewski, D., Takle, E., Lundquist, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Wind Farm Facilities in Germany Kill Noctule Bats from Near and Far Lehnert, L., Kramer-Schadt, S., Schonborn, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Historical Challenges of Wind Energy/Wildlife Interactions: How This May Affect Distributed Wind Sinclair, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds, Bats
Issuance of Incidental Harassment Authorizations to Deepwater Wind for the Take of Marine Mammals Incidental to Construction of the Block Island Wind Farm and Block Island Transmission System National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
No evidence of displacement due to wind turbines in breeding grassland birds Hale, A., Hatchett, E., Meyer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Displacement Birds, Passerines, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Interspecific effects of forest fragmentation on bats Segers, J., Broders, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change Bats
Red Aviation Lights on Wind Turbines do not Increase Bat-Turbine Collisions Hale, A., Bennett, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Lighting, Collision Bats
Projection of future wave climate for marine renewable energy Mori, N., Erikson, L., Hemer, M. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Recent Developments of Ocean Environmental Description with Focus on Uncertainties Bitner-Gregersen, E., Bhattacharya, S., Chatjigeorgiou, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Physical Environment
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