Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Attitudes toward Offshore Wind Power in the Midcoast Region of Maine Acheson, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Habitat use, disturbance and collision risk for Bewick’s Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii wintering near a wind farm in the Netherlands Fijn, R., Krijgsveld, K., Tijsen, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Waterfowl
Long Range Propagation Modeling of Offshore Wind Turbine Noise using Finite Element and Parabolic Equation Models Kim, H., Potty, G., Miller, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Effects of Offshore Pile Driving on Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Brandt, M., Diederichs, A., Betke, K. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Environmental-Social Benefits/Impacts of Wind Power Kondili, E., Kaldellis, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy
Multi-Criteria GIS Analysis for Siting of Small Wind Power Plants: A Case Study from Berlin Drews, L. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Life cycle assessment of two different 2 MW class wind turbines Guezuraga, B., Zauner, R., Polz, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Life Cycle Assessment, Human Dimensions
Offshore Power Production and Marine Stakeholders: From Understanding Conflict to Impact Mitigation Alexander, K. Thesis Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data
Marine Spatial Planning in the Context of the Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Migration and Habitat Use by Seabirds in the Atlantic Flyway: Evaluation of Potential Impacts of Proposed Wind Farms Berlin, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Raptors in Bosnia and Herzegovina - their status and perspectives for monitoring development Kotrosan, D., Hatibovic, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Marine Scotland Policy Development for Marine Renewables and Offshore Wind Covering Marine Planning and Licensing Scottish Government Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
The Interaction of Pelagic, Migratory and Protected Fishes with Marine Renewable Energy Projects: Recent Studies and Knowledge Gaps Nelson, P. Presentation Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, EMF, Habitat Change Fish, Pelagic Fish
Interactions with Offshore Wind Energy: Birds and Bats Island Institute Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Collision, Changes in Flow, Avoidance, Attraction Seabirds, Birds, Bats
Mortality at wind-farms is positively related to large-scale distribution and aggregation in griffon vultures Carrete, M., Sanchez-Zapata, J., Benitez, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
Bats and Wind Energy - A Literature Synthesis and Annotated Bibliography Ellison, L. Report Wind Energy Bats
Assessment of the Marine Renewables Industry in Relation to Marine Mammals: Synthesis of Work Undertaken by the ICES Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME) Murphy, S., Tougaard, J., Wilson, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Offshore wind energy development in the Belgian part of the North Sea & anticipated impacts: an update Brabant, R., Degraer, S., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Stakeholder Engagement
What is the Source Level of Pile-Driving Noise in Water? Ainslie, M., de Jong, C., Robinson, S. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Saint Nikola Wind Farm: 2012 Breeding Bird Survey Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Effects of Pile Driving on the Behavior of Cod and Sole Thomsen, F., Mueller-Blenkle, C., Gill, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Demersal Fish
Where eagles nest, the wind also blows: consolidating habitat and energy needs Wilson, J., Wilson, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Ormonde Offshore Wind Farm 2010 Construction Environmental Monitoring Report Saunders, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Noise Birds, Waterfowl, Marine Mammals
Interactions Between Seals and Offshore Wind Farms McConnell, B., Lonergan, M., Dietz, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
New Zealand Falcon Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Hurunui Wind Farm Meridian Energy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
Searches for dead birds in Smøla wind-power plant area 2011 - annual report Reitan, O. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
A Mighty Wind: The Turbulent Times of America's First Offshore Wind Farm and the Inverse of Environmental Justice Marinakos, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Development of a Comprehensive Conservation Strategy for the North Shore Region of Minnesota in the Context of Future Wind Power Development Peterson, A., Niemi, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Passerines, Raptors
A Report on National Greater Sage-Grouse Conservation Measures Sage-grouse National Technical Team Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Avian and Bat Protection Plan: AWA Goodhue Wind Project Westwood Professional Services Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Shortlist Masterplan Wind Aerial Surveys of Harbour Porpoises on the Dutch Continental Shelf Geelhoed, S., Scheidat, M., Geert, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
HYWIND Acoustic Measurement Report Martin, B., MacDonnell, J., Vallarta, J. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Autumn migration of soaring birds through the Gebel El Zeit Important Bird Area (IBA), Egypt, threatened by wind farm projects Hilgerloh, G., Michalik, A., Raddatz, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Ultrasonic Acoustic Deterrent in Reducing Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities - Final Report Arnett, E., Hein, C., Schirmacher, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Bats
Keeping the West Wild: Conservation and Rapid Energy Development Fargione, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Legal & Policy
Pathways of Effects for Offshore Renewable Energy in Canada Isaacman, L., Daborn, G. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Multi-Year Acoustic Monitoring of Bats at the Maple Ridge Wind Project New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Potential impacts of energy development on shrublands in western North America Pocewicz, A., Copeland, H., Kiesecker, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change
Bird and Bird Habitats: Guidelines for Wind Power Projects Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
Strategisk konsekv ensutredning for landbasert vindkraft. En evaluering av regionale planer for vindkraft May, R. Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
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