Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Weak Relationship Between Risk Assessment Studies and Recorded Mortality in Wind Farms Ferrer, M., Lucas, M., Janss, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Scotland's Renewables Routemap Short Life Task Force On Streamlining Energy Development Licensing and Consents The Scottish Government Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
On the Effect of Structure-Induced Resistance and Mixing on Inflows into the Baltic Sea: A Numerical Model Study Rennau, H., Schimmels, S., Burchard, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Water Quality, Physical Environment
Doppler Lidar-Based Wind-Profile Measurement System for Offshore Wind Energy and Other Marine Boundary Layer Applications Pichugina, Y., Banta, R., Brewer, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Avian and Bat Protection Plan for the Ocotillo Wind Energy Facility Ocotillo Express Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
The Development and Use of a Method to Fill Time Gaps in Migration Counts Mateos-Rodriguez, M., Thomas, L., Arroyo, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Bat Monitoring Studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Energy Facility Benton County, Indiana: April 1 - October 31, 2011 Good, R., Erickson, W., Merrill, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
A Forensic Investigation Into the Etiology of Bat Mortality at a Wind Farm: Barotrauma or Traumatic Injury? Rollins, K., Meyerholz, D., Johnson, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Habitat Preferences of Harbour Seals in the Dutch Coastal Area: Analysis and Estimate of Effects of Offshore Wind Farms Brasseur, S., Aarts, G., Meesters, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
The Lessons Learned from the Development of the Wind Energy Industry that Might be Applied to Marine Industry Renewables Garrad, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Human Dimensions
Noise Mitigation Measures and Low-noise Foundation Concepts - State of the Art Verfuß, T. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Towards an Environmentally Sound Offshore Wind Energy Deployment Verfuß, U. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Upper Ocean Response to Large Wind Farm Effect in the Presence of Surface Gravity Waves Paskyabi, M., Fer, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
A Probabilistic Approach to Introduce Risk Measurement Indicators to an Offshore Wind Project Evaluation - Improvement to an Existing Tool ECUME Douard, F., Domecq, C., Lair, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
The European Offshore Wind Industry Key 2011 Trends and Statistics European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative 3rd Science and All Committees Meeting: 2012 Workshop Proceedings Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative (BWEC) Workshop Article Wind Energy Bats
Female Agassizs Desert Tortoise Activity at a Wind Energy Facility in Southern California: The Influence of an El Nino Event Ennen, J., Meyer, K., Lovich, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change
Monitoring and Research Shortlist Offshore Wind - Knowledge advancements and follow up Boon, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Fish, Birds
Big Blue Wind Energy Project Avian and Bat Protection Plan Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats
Model-Based Estimation of Collision Risks of Predatory Birds with Wind Turbines Eichhorn, M., Johst, K., Seppelt, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Comparative life cycle energy, emission, and economic analysis of 100 kW nameplate wind power generation Kabir, M., Rooke, B., Dassanayake, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Life cycle assessment of two different 2 MW class wind turbines Guezuraga, B., Zauner, R., Polz, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Life Cycle Assessment, Human Dimensions
Flight Call Rates of Migrating Thrushes: Effects of Wind Conditions, Humidity and Time of Day at an Illuminated Offshore Platform Hüppop, O., Hilgerloh, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Attraction Passerines, Birds
The prosecutor's vulture: inconsistent MBTA prosecution, its clash with wind farms, and how to fix it Brunner, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Wind Energy Development and its Environmental Impact: A Review Leung, D., Yang, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Heading for an Understanding of Environmental Impacts Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Long Range Propagation Modeling of Offshore Wind Turbine Noise using Finite Element and Parabolic Equation Models Kim, H., Potty, G., Miller, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Where eagles nest, the wind also blows: consolidating habitat and energy needs Wilson, J., Wilson, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
South West Marine Energy Park Prospectus Southwest Marine Energy Park Coalition Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Multi-Criteria GIS Analysis for Siting of Small Wind Power Plants: A Case Study from Berlin Drews, L. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology: The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life Popper, A., Hawkins, A. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Offshore wind energy development in the Belgian part of the North Sea & anticipated impacts: an update Brabant, R., Degraer, S., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Stakeholder Engagement
Offshore Power Production and Marine Stakeholders: From Understanding Conflict to Impact Mitigation Alexander, K. Thesis Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data
Research into the noise reduction measure "Little Bubble Curtain" in the Alpha Ventus Test Field Raimund, R., Rustemeier, J., Grießmann, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Bat Surveys – Good Practice Guidelines (2nd edition): Surveying for Onshore Wind Turbines Hundt, L., Barlow, K., Crompton, R. Report Wind Energy Bats
Raptors in Bosnia and Herzegovina - their status and perspectives for monitoring development Kotrosan, D., Hatibovic, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Effects of Offshore Pile Driving on Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Brandt, M., Diederichs, A., Betke, K. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Environmental-Social Benefits/Impacts of Wind Power Kondili, E., Kaldellis, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy
Mortality at wind-farms is positively related to large-scale distribution and aggregation in griffon vultures Carrete, M., Sanchez-Zapata, J., Benitez, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
What is the Source Level of Pile-Driving Noise in Water? Ainslie, M., de Jong, C., Robinson, S. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
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