Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Evaluation of Greater Sage-Grouse Reproductive Habitat and Response to Wind Energy Development in South-Central, Wyoming LeBeau, C. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Testing the acoustic tolerance of harbour porpoise hearing for impulsive sounds Lucke, K., Lepper, P., Blanchet, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement – Non-Technical Summary Arcus Consultancy Services Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Likely Effects of Construction of Scroby Sands Offshore Wind Farm on a Mixed Population of Harbour Phoca vitulina and Grey Halichoerus grypus Seals Skeate, E., Perrow, M., Gilroy, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Marine Bird Distribution Along the Oregon Coast Suryan, R., Phillips, E., So, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Habitat Change Seabirds, Birds
Marine bird colony and at-sea distributions along the Oregon coast: Implications for marine spatial planning and information gap analysis Suryan, R., Phillips, E., So, K. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Wind Energy Plants and Possible Effects on Samandağ Sea Turtles Yalçın-Özdilek, S., Yalçın, S. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change Reptiles
A Biogeographic Assessment of Seabirds, Deep Sea Corals and Ocean Habitats of the New York Bight: Science to Support Offshore Spatial Planning Menza, C., Kinlan, B., Dorfman, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Invertebrates
Research Priorities for Wind Energy and Migratory Wildlife Piorkowski, M., Farnsworth, A., Fry, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Birds, Bats
Visual preferences for wind turbines: Location, numbers and respondent characteristics Molnarova, K., Sklenicka, P., Stiborek, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Eyesores in sight: Quantifying the impact of man-made elements on the scenic beauty of Dutch landscapes de Vries, S., de Groot, M., Boers, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Greater Sage-Grouse Habitat Use and Population Demographics at the Simpson Ridge Wind Resource Area, Carbon County, Wyoming Johnson, G., LeBeau, C., Nielsen, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Criterion Wind Project Avian Protection Plan Young, D., Tidhar, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Terrestrial Mammals, Human Dimensions
Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial planning for multiple ocean uses White, C., Halpern, B., Kappel, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
Building a stakeholder's vision of an offshore wind-farm project: A group modeling approach Château, P., Chang, Y., Chen, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Found in the Wind: The Value of Early Consultation and Collaboration with Other Ocean Users for Successful Offshore Wind Development Frulla, D., Hagerman, G., Hallowell, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Common Sole Larvae Survive High Levels of Pile-Driving Sound in Controlled Exposure Experiments Bolle, L., de Jong, C., Bierman, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Demersal Fish
A review of life cycle assessments on wind energy systems Davidsson, S., Höök, M., Wall, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Greater impacts of wind farms on bird populations during construction than subsequent operation: results of a multi-site and multi-species analysis Pearce-Higgins, J., Stephen, L., Douse, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Birds
Rampion OWF Round 3 Zone 6: Migratory Bird Report Shreeve, A., Graeme, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Using a Collision Risk Model to Assess Bird Collision Risks for Offshore Wind Farms Band, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Strategic Impact Assessment of Offshore Windpower in Norway - Impacts on Seabirds Lorensten, S., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Follestad, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Offshore Renewables - Guidance on Assessing the Impact on Coastal Landscape and Seascape: Guidance for Scoping an Environmental Statement Scottish Natural Heritage Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Tiree Onshore Scenario Mapping Ironside Farrar Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
Assessing the Cumulative Impact of Onshore Wind Energy Developments Scottish Natural Heritage Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Physical Environment
Griffon Vulture Mortality at Wind Farms in Southern Spain: Distribution of Fatalities and Active Mitigation Measures de Lucas, M., Ferrer, M., Bechard, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
How do diurnal long-distance migrants select flight altitude in relation to wind? Mateos-Rodriguez, M., Liechti, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Shorebirds, Raptors, Passerines, Birds
Best Management Practices for siting, developing, operating, and monitoring renewable energy in the Intermountain West: A Conservationist's Guide Jones, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions, Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds, Bats
Putting Aeolus to work without the death toll: federal wind farm siting guidelines can mitigate avian and Chiropteran mortality Mensing, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Ireland Offshore Renewable Energy Strategic Action Plan 2012 - 2020 UK Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Energy By Design: Science-Based Wind Energy Siting to Avoid Environmental Impact In the Continental United States Fargione, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Evidence of Latitudinal Migration in Tri-colored Bats, Perimyotis subflavus Fraser, E., McGuire, L., Eger, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats
A Review of Methods to Monitor Collisions or Micro-Avoidance of Birds with Offshore Wind Turbines - Part 2: Feasibility Study of Systems to Monitor Collisions Collier, M., Dirksen, S., Krijgsveld, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Do Windmill Parks Function as a Refugium? Derweduwen, J., Hostens, K., Reubens, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish
Symposium Sound Solutions Report The North Sea Foundation Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Human Dimensions
Avian Collision Mortality at 50- and 60- m Guyed Towers in Central California Kerlinger, P., Guarnaccia, J., Hasch, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Passerines
Draft Black Oak & Getty Wind Avian and Bat Protection Plan Black Oak Wind, Getty Wind Company Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Benthic Communities on Hard Substrates of the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ) Bouma, S., Lengkeek, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Vulnerability of Scottish Seabirds to Offshore Wind Turbines Furness, B., Wade, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Waterfowl
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