Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Underwater Mach Wave Radiation from Impact Pile Driving: Theory and Observation Reinhall, P., Dahl, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Standard for Measurement and Monitoring of Underwater Noise, Part II: Procedures for Measuring Underwater Noise in Connection with Offshore Wind Farm Licensing de Jong, C., Ainslie, M., Blacquière, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Aerial surveys of seabirds in the Dutch North Sea May 2010- April 2011 Poot, M., Fijn, R., Jonkvorst, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Modelling Harbour Porpoise Seasonal Density as a Function of the German Bight Environment: Implications for Management Gilles, A., Adler, S., Kaschner, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
The Multi-Use In Wind Farm Projects: More Conflicts Or A Win-Win Opportunity? Lacroix, D., Sylvain, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Ecosystem Processes
Short-Term Ecological Effects of an Offshore Wind Farm in the Dutch Coastal Zone: A Compilation Lindeboom, H., Kouwenhoven, H., Bergman, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Effects of the Construction of Scroby Sands Offshore Wind Farm on the Prey Base of Little Tern Sternula albifons at its Most Important UK Colony Perrow, M., Gilroy, J., Skeate, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish
Temporary hearing threshold shifts and recovery in a harbor porpoise and two harbor seals after exposure to continuous noise and playbacks of pile driving sounds Kastelein, A., Hoek, L., Gransier, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Assessing Bird and Bat Mortality at the Forward Energy Center Grodsky, S., Drake, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Development of a Geographic Information System-Based Decision Support Tool for Evaluating Windfarm Sitings in Great Lakes Aquatic Habitats Wehrly, K., Rutherford, E., Wang, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Ultrasonic noise emissions from wind turbines: Potential effects on bat species Long, C., Lepper, P., Flint, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Bats
Particle Motion Measured at an Operational Wind Turbine in Relation to Hearing Sensitivity in Fish Sigray, P., Andersson, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Demersal Fish
Joint Fact Finding and Stakeholder Consensus Building at the Altamont Wind Resource Area in California Bartlett, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions, Birds
Using Stakeholder Input to Develop a Comparative Risk Assessment for Wildlife from the Life Cycles of Six Electrical Generation Fuels Zillioux, E., Newman, J., Lampman, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Stakeholder Engagement, Life Cycle Assessment, Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats
Field Scale Experiments to Assess the Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Marine Organisms Gill, A., Mueller-Blenkle, C., McGregor, P. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Noise Fish
ID Stat: Innovative Technology for Assessing Wildlife Collisions with Wind Turbines Delprat, B., Alcuri, G. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Integration and Validation of Avian Radars (IVAR) Brand, M., Key, G., Nohara, T. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Raptor mortality in wind farms of southern Spain: mitigation measures on a major migration bottleneck area Gallego, A., Lucas, M., Casado, E. Report Wind Energy Collision Birds, Raptors
Patterns of activity and fatality of migratory bats at a wind energy facility in Alberta, Canada Baerwald, E., Barclay, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Bats
Bats and Bat Habitats: Guidelines for Wind Power Projects Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Report Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats
Night Migration of Songbirds and Waterfowl at the Utgrunden Off-Shore Wind Farm: A Radar-Assisted Study in Southern Kalmar Sound Pettersson, J., Fågelvind, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Passerines, Waterfowl
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Characterization Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
The wind energy (r)evolution: A short review of a long history Kaldellis, J., Zafirakis, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision
The effects of wind turbines on white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus Albicilla) in Hokkaido, Japan Shiraki, S., Kitano, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Turtles and Culverts, and Alternative Energy Development: An Unreported but Potentially Significant Mortality Threat to the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) Lovich, J., Ennen, J., Madrak, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Entanglement Reptiles
Sveti Nikola Wind Farm 2010 Bat Surveys Report RSK Group Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Assessing Integrated Risks Of Offshore Wind Projects: Moving Towards Gigawatt-scale Deployments Ram, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Assessing Avian-Wind Turbine Collision Risk: An Approach Angle Dependent Model Holmstrom, L., Hamer, T., Colclazier, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Shortlist Masterplan Wind - Effect of Piling Noise on Survival of Fish Larvae (pilot study) Bolle, L., de Jong, C., Bierman, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Demersal Fish
Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and Wind Farms: A Case Study in the Dutch North Sea Scheidat, M., Tougaard, J., Brasseur, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Attraction Marine Mammals
Effects of wind energy production on growth, demography, and survivorship of a desert tortoise population in Southern California with comparisons to natural populations Lovich, J., Ennen, J., Madrak, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Reptiles
Simulation-based impact assessment of offshore wind farms on seabirds Lapeña, B., Wijnberg, K., Hulscher, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds
Environmental Impact of Wind Energy Saidur, R., Rahim, N., Islam, M. Journal Article Wind Energy
Renewability of wind power in China: A case study of nonrenewable energy cost and greenhouse gas emission by a plant in Guangxi Chen, G., Yang, Q., Zhao, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Comprehensive Guide to Studying Wind Energy Wildlife Interactions Strickland, D., Arnett, E., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Seasonal and Geographic Trends in Acoustic Detection of Tree-Roosting Bats Johnson, J., Watrous, K., Giumarro, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Inch Cape Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement Inch Cape Offshore Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Social Barriers to Renewable Energy Landscapes Pasqualetti, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Effects of Weather on Avian Migration at Proposed Ridgeline Wind Energy Sites Thomas, P., Labrosse, A., Pomeroy, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Raptors, Birds
Stakeholder Priorities in Wind Energy Lantz, E. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
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