Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Enhancing Carcass Removal Trials at Three Wind Energy Facilities in Portugal Bernardino, J., Bispo, R., Torres, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Strategisk konsekv ensutredning for landbasert vindkraft. En evaluering av regionale planer for vindkraft May, R. Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Marine Wind Farms and Seabirds: Updated National Screening of Potential Conflict Areas Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Lorentsen, S., Hanssen, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Stable Isotope Analyses of Bat Fur: Applications for Investigating North American Bat Migration Fraser, E. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats
Onshore and Offshore Wind Energy: An Introduction Lynn, P. Book Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Land-Based Wind
Keeping the West Wild: Conservation and Rapid Energy Development Fargione, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Legal & Policy
Greening the Wind: Environmental and Social Considerations for Wind Power Development Ledec, G., Rapp, K., Aiello, R. Book Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions, Ecosystem Processes, Birds, Bats
Migratory Bird Research for the Proposed County Line Wind Energy Site: Fall 2011 Field Season Gehring, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Effect Studies Offshore Wind Egmond aan Zee: Cumulative Effects on Seabirds - A Modelling Approach to Estimate Effects on Population Levels in Seabirds Poot, M., van Horssen, P., Collier, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Integrated Modelling Tools to Support Risk-Based Decision-Making in Marine Spatial Management Stelzenmüller, V., Schulze, T., Fock, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Wind power's impacts on birds and bats - Synthesis report; Vindkraftens paaverkan paa faaglar och fladdermoess - Syntesrapport Rydell, J., Hendenstroem, A., Green, M. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats
Effect Studies Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee - Final Report on Fluxes, Flight Altitudes and Behaviour of Flying Birds Krijgsveld, K., Fljn, R., Japink, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Effects of wind farms and food scarcity on a large scavenging bird species following an epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy Martinez-Abrain, A., Tavecchia, G., Regan, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Using echolocation monitoring to model bat occupancy and inform mitigations at wind energy facilities Weller, T., Baldwin, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Bats
Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm Marine Environmental Monitoring Plan (MEMP): Ecological Analysis Data Wells, R., Shenton, S. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Report on a Red-throated Diver Agent-Based Model to Assess the Cumulative Impact from Offshore Wind Farms Topping, C., Petersen, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Waterfowl, Birds
Bat Fatality Monitoring Report for the Pigeon Creek Wind Turbine Dewitt, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Scoping Study for Offshore Wind Farm Development in Scottish Waters Davies, I., Watret, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Multi-Criteria Assessment of Offshore Wind Turbine Support Structures Lozano-Minguez, E., Kolios, A., Brennan, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change
Wind in our Sails - The Coming of Europe's Offshore Wind Energy Industry European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Cimarron Wind Energy Project - Phase 1: Final Environmental Assessment Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Rampion Wind Farm: Coastal Processes Assessment ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Development by Design: Mitigating Wind Development's Impacts on Wildlife in Kansas Obermeyer, B., Manes, R., Kiesecker, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions
Results of the EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment of the extraction of marine aggregates in the exploration zone of the Belgian Part of the North Sea De Sutter, R., Mathys, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Social & Economic Data
New Insights and New Tools Regarding Risk to Roseate Terns, Piping Plovers, and Red Knots from Wind Facility Operations on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Gordon, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Shorebirds, Seabirds, Birds
Galloper Wind Farm Project: Environmental Statement - Chapter 14: Marine Mammals Galloper Wind Farm Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Offshore Wind Farms Measuring Instruction for Underwater Sound Monitoring Müller, A., Zerbs, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
State of the Science: An Assessment of Research on the Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy in the Great Lakes Region Hinderer, J., Pebbles, V., Pearson, B. Workshop Article Wind Energy Ecosystem Processes
Investigating the Causes of Death for Wind Turbine-Associated Bat Fatalities Grodsky, S., Behr, M., Gendler, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
The Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative: Synthesis of Activities (2004-2011), Key Findings and Next Steps Arnett, E., Hein, C., Patterson, R. Report Wind Energy Bats
Patterns of Pre-Construction Bat Acoustic Activity at the Proposed Resolute Wind Energy Project, Wyoming, 2009-2010 Hein, C., Schirmacher, M., Arnett, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Spatial Factors Affecting Statistical Power in Testing Marine Fauna Displacement Lapeña, B., Wijnberg, K., Stein, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Displacement Birds
Health Effects and Wind Turbines: A Review of the Literature Knopper, L., Ollson, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
A Review of Methods to Monitor Collisions or Micro-Avoidance of Birds with Offshore Wind Turbines - Part 1: Review Strategic Ornithological Support Services Project Collier, M., Dirksen, S., Krijgsveld, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Screening Analysis for the Environmental Risk Evaluation System - Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Copping, A., Hanna, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
ORECCA European Offshore Renewable Energy Roadmap Jeffrey, H., Sedgwick, J. Report Wind Energy, Wave, Tidal, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
GIS-based wind farm site selection using spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCA): Evaluating the case for New York State van Haaren, R., Fthenakis, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Underwater Mach Wave Radiation from Impact Pile Driving: Theory and Observation Reinhall, P., Dahl, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Standard for Measurement and Monitoring of Underwater Noise, Part II: Procedures for Measuring Underwater Noise in Connection with Offshore Wind Farm Licensing de Jong, C., Ainslie, M., Blacquière, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Final Environmental Assessment of Maine's Deepwater Offshore Floating Wind Turbine Testing and Demonstration Project US Department of Energy (DOE) Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
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