Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
A Habitat-Based Wind-Wildlife Collision Model with Application to the Upper Great Plains Region Forcey, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds, Bats
Radar Monitoring of Migrating Pink-Footed Geese: Behavioural Responses to Offshore Wind Farm Development Plonczkier, P., Simms, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds
The Impacts of Wind Power on Terrestrial Mammals: A Synthesis Helldin, J., Jung, J., Neumann, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals
Scavenger removal: Bird and bat carcass persistence in a tropical wind farm Villegas-Patraca, R., Macias-Sanchez, S., Macgregor-Fors, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
London Array Offshore Wind Farm Project - Aerial Bird Survey Report Winter 2010/11 & 2011/12 (Zones 1 & 2) APEM Ltd Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
The Effect of Wind Power on Birds and Bats - A Synthesis Rydell, J., Engstrom, H., Hedenstrom, A. Report Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Annex I Survey and Benthic Sampling for the Humber Gateway Offshore Wind Farm Precision Marine Survey Ltd Report Wind Energy Physical Environment
Aerial Survey of Seabirds: The Advent of Digital Methods Buckland, S., Burt, M., Rexstad, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Moray East Environmental Statement Moray Offshore Wind Farm (East) Limited Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Request for advice on the populations of cetaceans that might be involved in significant interactions with marine renewable energy developments in Scottish marine waters Northridge, S. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Topography drives migratory flight altitude of golden eagles: implications for on-shore wind energy development Katzner, T., Brandes, D., Miller, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds
Experimental Evidence for the Effect of Small Wind Turbine Proximity and Operation on Bird and Bat Activity Miderman, J., Pendlebury, C., Pearce-Higgins, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
A methodological update of the Framework for the Appropriate Assessment of the ecological effects of Offshore Windfarms at the Dutch Continental Shelf Boon, A., Dirksen, S., Leopold, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Wind and Wildlife in the Northern Great Plains: Identifying Low-Impact Areas for Wind Development Fargione, J., Kiesecker, J., Slaats, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Population Trends of Breeding Seabird Colonies in Scottish SPAs Malcolm, F., Lye, G., Lewis, M. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Population Sizes of Seabirds Breeding in Scottish SPAs Lewis, M., Lye, G., Pendlebury, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Birds
Population Sizes of Seabirds breeding in Scottish Special Protection Areas Lewis, M., Lye, G., Pendlebury, C. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Potential interactions between diadromous fishes of U.K. conservation importance and the electromagnetic fields and subsea noise from marine renewable energy developments Gill, A., Bartlett, M., Thomsen, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Fish
Corrigendum: Environmental implications of large-scale adoption of wind power: a scenario-based life cycle assessment Arvesen, A., Hertwich, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Appendix K Tetra Tech Bird Survey Report: Spring - Fall 2010 Avian and Bat Studies Report Lake Erie Wind Power Study Svedlow, A., Gilpatrick, L., McIlvain, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Sveti Nikola Wind Farm Bat Monitoring Report 2011 RSK Group Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Experimental assessment of the insertion loss of an underwater noise mitigation screen for marine pile driving Janßen, H., de Jong, C., Jung, B. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Prevention of the ecological effects of offshore windfarms in licensing and spatial planning - an overview Boon, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Development of a New Underwater Piling Noise Mitigation System - Using Hydro Sound Dampers (HSD) Kuhn, C., Bruns, B., Fischer, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Humber Gateway OWF: Pre-construction Ornithological Monitoring Programme (OMP) Pendlebury, C., Garner, G., Walls, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Short- and Long-Term Effects of an Offshore Wind Farm on Three Species of Sandeel and their Sand Habitat van Deurs, M., Grome, T., Kaspersen, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Demersal Fish
Synthesis of Wind Energy Development and Potential Impacts on Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest, Oregon and Washington Mockrin, M., Gravenmier, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision
Visual Fields, Foraging and Collision Vulnerability in Gyps Vultures Martin, G., Portugal, S., Murn, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Fixing wind power's bat problem Kumagai, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Life cycle assessment of CO2 emissions from wind power plants: Methodology and case studies Wang, Y., Sun, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Impacts of wind farms on land surface temperature Zhou, L., Tian, Y., Baidya Roy, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Physical Environment
Study on the Marine Growth Effect on the Dynamic Response of Offshore Wind Turbines Shi, W., Park, H., Baek, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change
Using a Shore Bird (Red Knot) Fitted with Geolocators to Evaluate a Conceptual Risk Model Focusing on Offshore Wind Burger, J., Niles, L., Porter, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Shorebirds, Birds
Determination of Raptor Migratory Patterns Over a Large Landscape Seeland, H., Niemi, G., Regal, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Electromagnetic Fields Emitted by High Voltage Alternating Current Offshore Wind Power Cables and Interactions with Marine Organisms Gill, A., Huang, Y., Spencer, J. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF
Recovery of Barotrauma Injuries in Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from Exposure to Pile Driving Sound Casper, B., Popper, A., Matthews, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Pelagic Fish
The trouble with turbines: An ill wind Subramanian, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Threshold for Onset of Injury in Chinook Salmon from Exposure to Impulsive Pile Driving Sounds Halvorsen, M., Casper, B., Woodley, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Pelagic Fish
Effects on birds of Offshore Wind farm Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ): An overview and integration of insights obtained Hartman, J., Krijgsveld, K., Poot, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
How Experiences of the Offshore Wind Industry Can Aid Development of the Wave Energy Sector: Lessons Learnt From EIA Studies Magagna, D., Greaves, D., Conley, D. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
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