Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Assessment of the Potential for Conflict between Existing Ocean Space Use and Renewable Energy Development off the Coast of Oregon Sullivan, C. Thesis Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data
Amendment to the On-Shore Bird and Bat Pre- and Post- Construction Monitoring Protocol for Commercial Wind Energy Facilities in Ohio Ohio Department of Natural Resources Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Operational Noise: Measurement of the operational underwater noise emission of wind turbines at the Alpha Ventus offshore wind farm Radecke, H. , Benesch, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Seabirds & Offshore Wind Farms Monitoring Results 2011 Vanermen, N., Stienen, E., Onkelinx, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds
Mating Eastern Red Bats Found Dead at a Wind Energy Facility Solick, D., Gruver, J., Clement, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
A review of the environmental and human impacts from wind parks. A case study for the Prefecture of Lasithi, Crete Katsaprakakis, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Nesting Ecology of a Population of Gopherus agassizii at a Utility-Scale Wind Energy Facility in Southern California Ennen, J., Lovich, J., Meyer, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Reptiles
Cumulative Effects of Wind Farms in the Dutch North Sea on Bird Populations Poot, M., van Horssen, P., Collier, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Avian and Bat Protection Plan for the Buckeye Wind Power Project Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Nesting Success of Scissor-Tailed Flycatchers (Tyrannus forficatus) at a Wind Farm in Northern Texas Rubenstahl, T., Hale, A., Karsten, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Passerines, Birds
Bat Fatalities at Wind Farms in Northern Spain - Lessons to be Learned Camina, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Wildlife Science: Connecting Research with Management Sands, J., DeMaso, S., Schnupp, M. Book Wind Energy
Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Wildlife: Challenges and Opportunities for Integrating Science, Management, and Policy Arnett, E. Book Chapter Wind Energy
Biofouling: lessons from nature Bixler, G., Bhushan, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Invertebrates
Bird and bat mortality at Portuguese wind farms Bernardino, J., Zina, H., Passos, I. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2012 Rodrigues, L. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats
Experimental Evidence for the Effects of Chronic Anthropogenic Noise on Abundance of Greater Sage-Grouse at Leks Blickley, J., Blackwood, D., Patricelli, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Birds
Fish and Benthos at Alpha Ventus Reichert, K., Dannheim, J., Gusky, M. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish
The BIO-acoustic feature extraction and classification of bat echolocation calls Mirzaei, G., Majid, M., Ross, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
ICES SGWTE Report 2012: Report of the Study Group on Environmental Impacts of Wave and Tidal Energy International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Avian detection & tracking algorithm using infrared imaging Mirzaei, G., Majid, M., Ross, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Assessing the Impact of Marine Wind Farms on Birds through Movement Modelling Masden, E., Reeve, R., Desholm, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Guidelines for Data Acquisition to Support Marine Environmental Assessments of Offshore Renewable Energy Projects Judd, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy
Final Environmental Impact Statement Grapevine Canyon Wind Project US Department of Energy (DOE), Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Pre-Construction Avian and Bat Survey Report Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Physical Environment
Delivering Offshore Electricity to the EU: Spatial Planning of Offshore Renewable Energies and Electricity Grid Infrastructures in an Integrated EU Maritime Policy Seanergy Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Offshore Wind Power Reef Effects and Reef Fauna Roles Krone, R. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
Eagles and Wind Energy: Identifying Research Priorities Allison, T. Report Wind Energy Birds, Raptors
Development of a Cost Minimizing Strategy to Mitigate Bird Mortalities in a Wind Farm Singh, K. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
ESRa - Evaluation of Systems for Ramming Noise Mitigation at an Offshore Test Pile Wilke, F., Kloske, K., Bellmann, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Analysis of Environmental Characteristics and Operational Reports of Small and Medium Turbines Florescu, A., Bandoc, G., Degeratu, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
White Pines Wind Project: Natural Heritage Assessment and Environmental Impact Study Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
The Current State of Offshore Wind Energy Technology Development Sun, X., Huang, D., Wu, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Noise impact assessment on the basis of onsite acoustic noise immission measurements for a representative wind farm Kaldellis, J., Garakis, K., Kapsali, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
A Review of Flight Heights and Avoidance Rates of Birds in Relation to Offshore Wind Farms Cook, A., Johnson, A., Wright, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds
Phase 2 - Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia including the Outer Bay of Fundy Tidal Energy Project Site - Mi’kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study Moore, D., Hodder, C. Report Wind Energy, Wave, Tidal, Marine Energy Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Reduction of Wind Turbine Noise Annoyance: An Operational Approach Bockstael, A., Dekoninck, L., Can, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Human Dimensions
Modelling the abundance and area use of wintering Red-throated Divers in the Outer Thames Estuary Skov, H., Heinänen, S., Lohier, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Testing an Emerging Paradigm in Migration Ecology Shows Surprising Differences in Efficiency between Flight Modes Duerr, A., Miller, T., Lanzone, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
2011 Post-Construction Monitoring Study Criterion Wind Project Garrett County, Maryland Young, D., Lout, M., Courage, Z. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
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