Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Wind turbines as landscape impediments to the migratory connectivity of bats Cryan, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Bats
Argyll Array Offshore Wind Farm: Habitat Regulations Assessment - Screening for Likely Significant Effects Dewar, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Risks to Birds and Wildlife from Offshore Wind Farms: BOEMRE NC Task Force Peterson, C. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Modelling Seabird Collision Risk with Off-Shore Wind Farms Mateos, M., Arroyo, G., Rosario, J. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Conference on Wind Energy and Wildlife Impacts 2011: Proceedings May, R., Bevanger, K. Conference Paper Wind Energy
Linking Turbine Collision Risks with Population Models to Assess Cumulative Impacts of Multiple Wind Farms on Threatened Birds Smales, I., Muir, S., Meredith, C. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Wind Energy's Subtle Effect - Habitat Fragmentation Pruett, J. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Human pressures on UK seabed habitats: a cumulative impact assessment Foden, J., Rogers, S., Jones, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment
The integration of nature protection into environmental wind farm assessment procedures in Croatia Mazija, M., Domazetović, Z., Elez, L. Presentation Wind Energy
Pattern of bat fatalities at wind turbines in Europe: comparing north and south Dubourg-Savage, M., Rodrigues, L., Santos, H. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Appropriate assessment of plans and projects for Croatian National Ecological Network - utilization of bird and bat impact zonation in the southern coastal part of Croatia Schneider, D., Trenc, N., Ivičić, B. Presentation Wind Energy Bats, Birds
A Multi-Method Approach to Determine the Impact of Existing Wind Power Plants on Bird and Bat Migration on the Island of Fehmarn, Germany Reichenbach, M., Grunkorn, T. Presentation Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Assessing ecological responses of wolves to wind power plants in Portugal: methodological constrains and conservation implications Álvares, F., Rio-Maior, H., Roque, S. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Noise Terrestrial Mammals
Impact of wind speed on the activity of bats - at the coast and inland Bach, P., Niermann, I., Bach, L. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Pre-construction study: Recording bats from a helium balloon in collision relevant heights with an automated system Albrecht, K., Grünfelder, C. Presentation Wind Energy Bats
The Marine Environmental Monitoring Plan (MEMP) for Scotland's First Offshore WInd Farm: Robin Rigg, Solway Firth, Scotland Walls, R., Shenton, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Noise Marine Mammals
Identifying a Range of Options to Prevent or Reduce Avian Collision with Offshore Wind Farms using a UK-Based Case Study Cook, A., Ross-Smith, V., Roos, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Collision Risk in White-Tailed Eagles Modelling Kernel-Based Collision Risk Using Satellite Telemetry Data in Smøla Wind-Power Plant May, R., Nygård, T., Dahl, E. Report Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Altering Turbine Speed Reduces Bat Mortality at Wind-Energy Facilities Arnett, E., Huso, M., Schirmacher, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats
Characteristics of Soaring Birds' Spring Migration over Inland SE Bulgaria Shurulinkov, P., Daskalova, G., Chakarov, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Shorebirds, Raptors, Birds
Avian, Bat and Habitat Cumulative Impacts Associated with Wind Energy Development in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion Of Eastern Washington and Oregon 2011 Johnson, G., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Life Cycle Assessment of the Offshore Wind Farm Alpha Ventus Wagner, H., Baack, C., Eickelkamp, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Wind Energy Development Specialist Report: Kiowa, Rita Blanca, Black Kettle and McClellan Creek National Grasslands Plan Revision Environmental Impact Statement Hall, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Patterns of Pre-Construction Bat Activity at the Proposed Hoosac Wind Energy Project, Massachusetts, 2006-2007 Hein, C., Arnett, E., Schirmacher, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Proceedings of the Wind Wildlife Research Meeting VIII PNWWRM VIII Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Flight Height Distribution and Collision Risk of the Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus Marmoratus: Methodology and Preliminary Results Stumpf, J., Denis, N., Hamer, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Win-Win for Wind and Wildlife: A Vision to Facilitate Sustainable Development Kiesecker, J., Evans, J., Fargione, J. Journal Article Wind Energy
Acceptance, acceptability and environmental justice: the role of community benefits in wind energy development Cowell, R., Bristow, G., Munday, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Compendium of Avian Occurrence Information for the Continental Shelf Waters along the Atlantic Coast of the United States: Final Report (Database Selection - Shorebirds) O'Connell, A., Spiegel, C., Johnson, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Shorebirds
Wind turbines in tourism landscapes: Czech experience Frantal, B., Kunc, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Recreation & Tourism, Visual Impacts
Insect Attraction to Wind Turbines: Does Colour Play a Role? Long, C., Flint, J., Lepper, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction Invertebrates, Birds, Bats
Klondike IIIa (Phase 2) Wind Power Project Wildlife Monitoring Year One Summary August 2008–August 2010 Gritski, B., Downes, S., Kronner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Understanding Bird Collisions With Man-made Objects: A Sensory Ecology Approach Martin, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change, Collision Birds
Environmental Effects and the Permitting Processes for a Deep Water Offshore Wind-Wave Hybrid Generator DeVault, G. Report Wind Energy, Wave, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy
Benefits and Disadvantages of Co-Locating Windfarms and Marine Conservation Zones, with a Focus on Commercial Fishing Blyth-Skyrme, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Progress Denied: A Study on the Potential Economic Impact of Permitting Challenges Facing Proposed Energy Projects Pociask, S., Fuhr, J. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Integrating Effects of Supplementary Feeding, Poisoning, Pollutant Ingestion and Wind Farms of Two Vulture Species in Spain using a Population Viability Analysis Garcia-Ripolles, C., Lopez, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Chemicals Raptors, Birds
Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters: Pre-Screening Review of the Medium Term Options APS Group Scotland Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Blue Seas - Green Energy: A Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters (The Plan) APS Group Scotland Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Developing and Applying a GIS-Assisted Approach to Evaluate Visual Impact in Wind Farms Molina-Ruiz, J., Martínez-Sánchez, M., Pérez-Sirvent, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
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