Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Issuance of Incidental Harassment Authorizations to Deepwater Wind for the Take of Marine Mammals Incidental to Construction of the Block Island Wind Farm and Block Island Transmission System National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Computationally Efficient Modelling of Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction of Offshore Wind Turbines on Gravity Footings Damgaard, M., Andersen, L., Ibsen, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment
No Evidence of Displacement due to Wind Turbines in Breeding Grassland Songbirds Hale, A., Hatchett, E., Meyer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds
Assessing Bat and Bird Fatality Risk at Wind Farm Sites using Acoustic Detectors Heist, K. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Applicability of the "Frame of Reference" Approach for Environmental Monitoring of Offshore Renewable Energy Projects Garel, E., Rey, C., Ferreira, O. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Red Aviation Lights on Wind Turbines do not Increase Bat-Turbine Collisions Hale, A., Bennett, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Lighting, Collision Bats
Report on Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Strategies TROPOS Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Avoidance Behaviour of Birds around Offshore Wind Farms: Overview of Knowledge Including Effects of Configuration Krijgsveld, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Marine Mammals Trace Anthropogenic Structures at Sea Russell, D., Brasseur, S., Thompson, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Habitat Change Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals, Ecosystem Processes
Impact Hypothesis for Offshore Wind Farms: Explanatory Models for Species Distribution at Extremely Exposed Rocky Areas Schläppy, M., Saskov, A., Dahlgren, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
Numerical Study for Wave-Induced Seabed Response around Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation in Donghai Offshore Wind Farm, Shanghai, China Chang, K., Jeng, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
A Comparison of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Benthic Habitat Mapping to Inform Offshore Wind Energy Development LaFrance, M., King, J., Oakley, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates
Repeated Mapping of Reefs Constructed by Sabellaria spinulosa Leuckart 1849 at an Offshore Wind Farm Site Pearce, B., Farinas-Franco, J., Wilson, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
Report on the Implications for European Sites Proposed Dogger Bank Creyke Beck Offshore Wind Farm The Planning Inspectorate for England and Wales Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Efficient 3D Movement-Based Kernel Density Estimator and Application to Wildlife Ecology Tracey, J., Sheppard, J., Lockwood, G. Conference Paper Wind Energy
Home Range and Resource Selection by GPS-Monitored Adult Golden Eagles in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion: Implications for Wind Power Development Watson, J., Duff, A., Davies, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
Windpark Mermaid Milieueffectenrapport International Marine and Dredging Consultants Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
A Historical Perspective of Wind-Wildlife Challenges: How this May Affect Distributed Wind Sinclair, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Bats
Wind turbine noise measurement using a compact microphone array with advanced deconvolution algorithms Ramachandran, R., Raman, G., Dougherty, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
Do human activity and infrastructure disturb domesticated reindeer? The need for the reindeer’s perspective Skarin, A., Åhman, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Terrestrial Mammals
A Sustainability Index of Potential Co-Location of Offshore Wind Farms and Open Water Aquaculture Benassai, G., Mariani, P., Stenberg, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions
Similar Diversity-Disturbance Responses to Different Physical Impacts: Three Cases of Small-Scale Biodiversity Increase in the Belgian Part of the North Sea De Backer, A., Van Hoey, G., Coates, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment
South African Good Practice Guidelines for Operational Monitoring for Bats at Wind Energy Facilities Aronson, J., Richardson, E., MacEwan, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Demonstrating a New Framework for the Comparison of Environmental Impacts from Small- and Large-Scale Hydropower and Wind Power Projects Bakken, T., Aase, A., Hagen, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change
Do man-made structures and water depth affect the diel rhythms in click recordings of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)? Brandt, M., Hansen, S., Diederichs, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Marine Mammals
Rampion Offshore Wind Farm, UK: Metocean Study Stage Three – Metocean Assessment DHI Water & Environment, Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Geological and Geotechnical Characterisation for Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations: A Case Study of the Sheringham Shoal Wind Farm Le, T., Eiksund, G., Strom, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change
Lake Michigan Offshore Wind Feasibility Assessment Boezaart, A., Edmonson, J., Standridge, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats
Public engagement with offshore renewable energy: A critical review Wiersma, B., Devine-Wright, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Marine Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Acceptance of offshore wind energy use: Final Report (Research initiative RAVE - Research at Alpha Ventus) Hübner, G., Pohl, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Marine Spatial Planning - Current Status 2014: National Planning in Sweden's Territorial Waters and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (SwAM) Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Developing High-Resolution Spatial Data of Migration Corridors for Avian Species of Concern in Regions of High Potential Wind Development Katzner, T. Report Wind Energy Raptors, Birds
Comparative life cycle assessment of 2.0 MW wind turbines Haapala, K., Prempreeda, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Fuzzy Clustering in Avian Infrared Imagery Application Mirzaei, G., Ross, J., Jamali, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Project One: UPDATED IN-COMBINATION AUK DISPLACEMENT NOTE Jenner, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Repowing Draft Program Environmental Impact Report Alameda County Community Development Agency Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Avian and Bat Survey Protocols For Large Wind Energy Conversion Systems in Minnesota Mixon, K., Schrenzel, J., Pile, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Applying Research to Conservation: Science-Based Strategies Can Save Bats at Wind Farms Baerwald, E., Barclay, R. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Assessing Northern Gannet Avoidance of Offshore Windfarms Rehfisch, M., Barrett, Z., Brown, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Seabirds, Birds
Assessing Ecological Risks of Offshore Wind Power on Kattegat Cod Hammar, L., Wikström, A., Molander, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish
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