Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Dogger Bank Environmental Statement - Chapter 10: Marine Water and Sediment Quality Page, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Dogger Bank Environmental Statement - Chapter 13: Fish and Shellfish Ecology Brown & May Marine Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Nationwide field measurements of wind turbine noise in Japan Tachibana, H., Yano, H., Fukushima, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Human Dimensions
Dogger Bank Environmental Statement - Chapter 11: Marine and Coastal Ornithology Thornton, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Rural wind farm development: Social, environmental and economic features important to local residents Groth, T., Vogt, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Dogger Bank Environmental Statement - Chapter 22: Socio-Economics Beeden, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Evaluating Offshore Wind Energy Feasibility off the California Central Coast Feinberg, L., Jylkka, Z., Tao, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Wind Energy: Increasing Deployment, Rising Environmental Concerns Tabassum-Abbasi, Premalatha, M., Abbasi, T. Journal Article Wind Energy
Measuring the Interaction Between Marine Features of Special Protection Areas with Offshore Wind Farm Development Sites Through Telemetry: Final Report Thaxter, C., Ross-Smith, V., Clark, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Collision Seabirds, Birds
Assessing the Impact of Underwater Sounds on Fishes and Other Forms of Marine Life Hawkins, A., Popper, A. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Noise Fish
Marine Energy Research Innovation and Knowledge Accelerator (MERIKA) Greenwood, C., Morrison, J., Murray, A. Research Study Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Taming Hurricanes with Arrays of Offshore Wind Turbines Jacobson, M., Archer, C., Kempton, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Quieting Technologies for Reducing Noise During Seismic Surveying and Pile Driving Workshop Report CSA Ocean Sciences Inc Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Dogger Bank Environmental Statement Dogger Bank Wind Farm Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Economic Impact Study into the Development of the UK Offshore Renewable Energy Industry to 2020 Fraser of Allander Institute Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Report on the Implications for European Sites Proposed Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm (Zone 4) - Project One The Planning Inspectorate for England and Wales Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Dogger Bank Environmental Statement - Chapter 15: Commercial Fisheries Brown & May Marine Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Dogger Bank Environmental Statement - Chapter 12: Marine and Intertidal Ecology Lewis, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Mapping Fisheries for Marine Spatial Planning: Gear-Specific Vessel Monitoring System (VMS), Marine Conservation and Offshore Renewable Energy Campbell, M., Stehfest, K., Votier, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Construction and Post-Construction Avian and Bat Monitoring Plan Block Island Wind Farm Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Physical Environment
Effective Mitigation of Underwater Piling Noise Karl-Heinz, E. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
MaRINET D4.06 Data Reports and Databases: Data on Coastal and Offshore Wind Measurements Courtney, M., Peña, A., Wagner, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Report on the Implications for European Sites Proposed Burbo Bank Extension Offshore Wind Farm The Planning Inspectorate for England and Wales Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Accounting for Unsearched Areas in Estimating Wind Turbine-Caused Fatality Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Land cover and topography affect the land transformation caused by wind facilities Diffendorfer, J., Compton, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change
Marine Renewable Energy and Environmental Interactions: Baseline Assessments of Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles and Benthic Communities on the Oregon Shelf Henkel, S., Suryan, R., Lagerquist, B. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Reptiles, Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Birds
Assessing the Impact of Windfarms in Subtidal, Exposed Marine Areas Dahlgren, T., Schläppy, M., Saskov, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment, Ecosystem Processes
Large-Eddy Simulation of Offshore Wind Farm Yang, D., Meneveau, C., Shen, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow
Upland Land use Predicts Population Decline in a Globally Near-Threatened Wader Douglas, D., Bellamy, P., Stephen, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Modelling Flight Heights of Marine Birds to More Accurately Assess Collision Risk with Offshore Wind Turbines Johnston, A., Cook, A., Wright, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
A bibliography of bat fatality, activity, and interactions with wind turbines Johnson, G., Arnett, E., Hein, C. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats
Airborne Sound Propagation Over Sea During Offshore Wind Farm Piling Van Renterghem, T., Botteldooren, D., Dekoninck, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
The Cumulative Effect on Sound Levels from Multiple Underwater Anthropogenic Sound Sources in Shallow Coastal Waters Pine, M., Jeffs, A., Radford, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Noise
Wind in power: 2013 European statistics European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) Report Wind Energy
Procedural justice in wind facility siting: Recommendations for state-led siting processes Ottinger, G., Hargrave, T., Hopson, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Offshore Test Site Alpha Ventus Expert Report: Marine Mammals (Final Report: from baseline to windfarm operation) Diederichs, A., Rose, A., Nehls, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Marine Mammals
Effects of Noise and By-Catch on a Danish Harbour Porpoise Population Nabe-Nielsen, J., Sibly, R., Tougaard, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Marine Renewable Energy and the Environment: Progress and Challenges Polagye, B. Presentation Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Can the effect of tall structures on birds be isolated from other aspects of development? Walters, K., Kosciuch, K., Jones, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Rampion Offshore Wind Farm and connection works Examining Authority’s Report of Findings and Conclusions and Recommendation to the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Walker, L. , Fernandes, F., Roberts, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
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