Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2014 Rodrigues, L. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats
Environmental aspects of designing multi-purpose offshore platforms in the scope of the FP7 TROPOS Project Lu, S., Yu, J., Golmen, L. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions
Field Testing of Multiple Sensors in an Underwater Environment Monitoring System Chan, H., Liao, Y., Fang, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Turbid Wakes Associated with Offshore Wind Turbines Observed with Landsat 8 Vanhellemont, Q., Ruddick, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Sediment Transport, Physical Environment
Short-Term Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Greater Sage-Grouse Fitness LeBeau, C., Beck, J., Johnson, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Kincardine Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Scoping Assessment Atkins Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Informe Ambiental Resumen: Parque Eólico Pampa Estudio Ingeniería Ambiental Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Environmental Impact Assessment
On a Hybrid Model for the Prediction of Pile Driving Noise from Offshore Wind Farms Lippert, T., von Estorff, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Wolfe Island Wind Plant Post-Construction Follow-up Plan Bird and Bat Resource Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Raptors
Navitus Bay Wind Park Environmental Statement: Non-Technical Summary Navitus Bay Development Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Enrichment and Shifts in Macrobenthic Assemblages in an Offshore Wind Farm Area in the Belgian Part of the North Sea Coates, D., Deschutter, Y., Vincx, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Invertebrates
Review of Environmental Data Associated with Post-Consent Monitoring of Licence Conditions of Offshore Wind Farms Marine Management Organisation (MMO) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Life cycle assessment of an offshore grid interconnecting wind farms and customers across the North Sea Arvesen, A., Nes, R., Huertas-Hernando, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Integration of marine research results into a maritime spatial plan for Lithuania Mileriene, R., Blažauskas, N., Gulbinskas, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
Black Bears (Ursus americanus) as a Novel Potential Predator of Agassiz's Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) at a California Wind Energy Facility Lovich, J., Delaney, D., Briggs, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Terrestrial Mammals, Reptiles
Navitus Bay Wind Park Technical Appendix 2.1 - EMF Calculations Report Dorey, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF
Establishing an Agenda for Social Studies Research in Marine Renewable Energy Kerr, S., Watt, L., Colton, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Horns Rev 3 Offshore Wind Farm: Offshore Noise Emission Wigham, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Large Eddy Simulation Studies of the Effects of Alignment and Wind Farm Length Stevens, R., Gayme, D., Meneveau, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Experimental Study on Influence of Pitch Motion on the Wake of a Floating Wind Turbine Model Rockel, S., Camp, E., Schmidt, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Increased Flight Altitudes among Migrating Golden Eagles Suggest Turbine Avoidance at a Rocky Mountain Wind Installation Johnston, N., Bradley, J., Otter, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Raptors
A Review of Floating Platform Concepts for Offshore Wind Energy Generation Thiagarajan, K., Dagher, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind
Collision Risk and Micro-Avoidance Rates of Birds with Wind Turbines in Flanders Everaert, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
LONDON ARRAY WINDFARM: EXPORT CABLE ROUTE POST-CONSTRUCTION SURVEY EGS Ltd. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Marine Wildlife — A Generalized Impact Assessment Bergström, L., Kautsky, L., Malm, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Soaring Migratory Birds Avoid Wind Farm in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Southern Mexico Villegas-Patraca, R., Cabrera-Cruz, S., Herrera-Alsina, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds
Prioritisation of monitoring and research for diadromous fish in the context of Marine/Offshore Renewables: A summary of stakeholder engagement meetings between Marine Scotland, wild fisheries interests and wind, wave and tidal developers Hunter, D., Malcolm, I., Armstrong, J. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Pelagic Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement
Differential Mortality of Birds Killed at Wind Farms in Northern Portugal Morinha, F., Travassos, P., Seixas, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Birds
Effects of Wind Energy Development on Nesting Ecology of Greater Prairie-Chickens in Fragmented Grasslands McNew, L., Hunt, L., Gregory, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Habitat Use and Selection of Black Scoters in Southern New England and Siting of Offshore Wind Energy Facilities Loring, P., Paton, P., Osenkowski, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds
Etude d’Impact Acoustique du Parc Eolien Offshore du Banc de Guérande, Saint-Nazaire, France Clorennec, D., Folegot, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Quieting Technologies for Reducing Noise During Seismic Surveying and Pile Driving Workshop Report CSA Ocean Sciences Inc Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Encouraging Renewable Energy in the Offshore Environment Appiott, J., Dhanju, A., Cicin-Sain, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Dogger Bank Environmental Statement - Chapter 15: Commercial Fisheries Brown & May Marine Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Dogger Bank Environmental Statement - Chapter 12: Marine and Intertidal Ecology Lewis, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Dogger Bank Environmental Statement Dogger Bank Wind Farm Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
The effect of wind farms on house prices RenewableUK Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
The potential of offshore windfarms to act as marine protected areas – A systematic review of current evidence Ashley, M., Mangi, S., Rodwell, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes
Dogger Bank Environmental Statement - Chapter 14: Marine Mammals Mackey, B., Keenan, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Beyond Rhetoric to Understanding Determinants of Wind Turbine Support and Conflict in Two Ontario, Canada Communities Walker, C., Baxter, J., Ouellette, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
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