Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Environmental justice and the expanding geography of wind power conflicts Avila, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey of Lease Area OCSA 0512 Monthly Report: February 2018 Jervis, L., Warford, S., Goulding, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Marine Noise Budgets in Practice Merchant, N., Faulkner, R., Martinez, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Opportunistically collected data reveal habitat selection by migrating Whooping Cranes in the US Northern Plains Niemuth, N., Ryba, A., Pearse, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Streamlining the consent process for the implementation of offshore wind farms in Spain, considering existing regulations in leading European countries Salvador, S., Gimeno, L., Sanz-Larruga, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Summary of Spring 2018 Digital Survey #8 Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
East Anglia THREE: Preliminary Environmental Information Report (PEIR) Royal Haskoning Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Comparison Analysis of Blade Life Cycles of Land-Based and Offshore Wind Power Plants Tomporowski, A., Pieasecka, I., Flizikowski, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Ecological Effects of Electricity Generation, Storage and Use Henderson, P. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions
The utility of point count surveys to predict wildlife interactions with wind energy facilities: An example focused on golden eagles Sur, M., Belhoff, J., Bjerre, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Flight Response to Spatial and Temporal Correlates Informs Risk from Wind Turbines to the California Condor Poessel, S., Brandt, J., Mendenhall, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
The impact of on-shore and off-shore wind turbine farms on property prices Jensen, C., Panduro, T., Lundhede, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Comparison of Recent Oil and Gas, Wind Energy, and Other Anthropogenic Landscape Alteration Factors in Texas Through 2014 Pierre, J., Wolaver, B., Labay, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Physical Environment
The Development of Ocean Test Beds for Ocean Technology Adaptation and Integration into the Emerging U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Industry Kirincich, A., Borkland, J., Hines, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Field Observations During Wind Turbine Foundation Installation at the Block Island Wind Farm, Rhode Island Amaral, J., Beard, R., Barham, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish
Predicting Migratory Corridors of White Storks, Ciconia ciconia, to Enhance Sustainable Wind Energy Planning: A Data-Driven Agent-Based Model Oloo, F., Safi, K., Aryal, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Predator attack rates and anti-predator behavior of side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana) at Southern California wind farms, USA Keehn, J., Feldman, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Reptiles
Offshore Wind Sediment Stability Evaluation Framework Jones, C., McWilliams, S., Engelmann, G. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Benthic development in and around offshore wind farm Prinses Amalia Wind Park near the Dutch coastal zone before and after construction (2003-2017) Leewis, L., Klink, A., Verduin, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Kincardine Offshore Wind Farm Project Kincardine Offshore Wind Ltd Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Risk of whale encounters with offshore renewable energy mooring lines and electrical cables Copping, A., Grear, M., Sanders, G. Presentation Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Guiding principles for assessing the impact of underwater noise Faulkner, R., Farcas, A., Merchant, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Black-boxing the Evidence: Planning Regulation and Major Renewable Energy Infrastructure Projects in England and Wales Rydin, Y., Natarajan, L., Lee, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Estimating wind turbine fatalities using integrated detection trials Smallwood, K. Shawn, Bell, D., Walther, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Marine Scotland Review of Approaches and Costs of Decommissioning Offshore Wind Installations Public Report Marine Scotland Science Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
The Life-Cycle Energy and Environmental Emissions of a Typical Offshore Wind Farm in China Yang, J., Chang, Y., Zhang, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals Life Cycle Assessment, Human Dimensions
A Stochastic Collision Risk Model for Seabirds in Flight McGregor, R., King, S., Donovan, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
ORJIP Bird Collision and Avoidance Study Skov, H., Heinänen, S., Norman, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey Results of Lease Area OCS-A 0512 Equinor Quarterly Report: November 2017 to January 2018 Jervis, L., Warford, S., Wilmott, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Multi criteria decision analysis for offshore wind energy potential in Egypt Mahdy, M., Bahaj, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Short-term integration costs of variable renewable energy: Wind curtailment and balancing in Britain and Germany Joos, M., Staffell, I. Journal Article Wind Energy
Scoping advice on information required in environmental impact assessment reports in relation to assessing risk to freshwater and diadromous fish and associated fisheries Marine Scotland Science Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Fish, Pelagic Fish, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey of Empire Wind Monthly Report: November 2017 Jervis, L., Warford, S., Wilmott, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Global Wind Report 2018 Global Wind Energy Council Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Decommissioning Programme for Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Rampion Offshore Wind Limited Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Wind Turbine Sensor Array for Monitoring Avian and Bat Collisions Hu, C., Albertani, R., Suryan, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Bats
Atlantic Offshore Renewable Energy Development and Fisheries National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Book Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
2017 State of Wind Development in the United States by Region Oteri, F., Baranowski, R., Baring-Gould, I. Report Wind Energy
Generic monitoring programme for monitoring watercourses in relation to onshore wind farm developments Marine Scotland Science Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
A Socio-Technical Framework for Examining the Consequences of Deforestation: A Case Study of Wind Project Development in Northern Europe Enevoldsen, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
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