Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
South Fork Wind Farm COP Appendix Q: Avian and Bat Risk Assessment Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Seabirds
Contributions of marine infrastructures to marine planning and protected area networking Shabtay, A., Portman, M., Carmel, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Habitat Change Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions, Ecosystem Processes
Potential biological removal of white-tailed eagles and its application to environmental impact assessment for wind farms in Japan Matsuda, H., Tani, K., Shimada, Y. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Multi-Platform Concepts for Combining Offshore Wind Energy and Fish Farming in Freezing Sea Areas: Case Study in the Gulf of Bothnia Mikkola, E., Heinonen, J., Kankainen, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
The place of the Rochdale envelope approach in offshore renewable energy Caine, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
How many observation days are needed to reliably describe bird migration? Tanskanen, A., Yrjola, R., Baum, U. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative 5th Science and All Committees Meeting: 2018 Workshop Proceedings Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative (BWEC) Workshop Article Wind Energy Bats
Using residential proximity to wind turbines as an alternative exposure measure to investigate the association between wind turbines and human health Barry, R., Sulsky, S., Kreiger, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise
Impact of wind farms on soaring bird populations at a migratory bottleneck Martin, B., Perez-Bacalu, C., Onrubia, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Passive Acoustics Survey of Cetacean Abundance Levels (PASCAL-2016) Final Report Keating, J., Barlow, J., Griffiths, E. Report Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Wind power gone bad: Critiquing wind power planning processes in northeastern Brazil Gorayeb, A., Brannstrom, C., Meireles, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Effect of pile-driving sounds on harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) hearing Kastelein, R., Helder-Hoek, L., Kommeren, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Winter 2017-2018 Taxonomic Analysis Summary Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Export Nation-A Year in UK Wind, Wave and Tidal Exports RenewableUK Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Resource Availability May Not Be a Useful Predictor of Migratory Bat Fatalities or Activity at Wind Turbines Bennett, V., Hale, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction Bats
2018 State of the Sector Report: Marine Renewable Energy in Canada Marine Renewables Canada Report Wind Energy, Wave, Tidal, Riverine, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy
A review of searcher efficiency and carcass persistence in infrastructure-driven mortality assessment studies Barrientos, R., Martins, R., Ascensão, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey of Lease Area OCSA 0512 Monthly Report: March 2018 Jervis, L., Warford, S., Goddard, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Effects of wind farms on the spatial distribution of Guillemots Zuur, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Wind in the sails or choppy seas?: People-place relations, aesthetics and public support for the United States’ first offshore wind project Firestone, J., Bidwell, D., Gardner, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Visual Impacts, Human Dimensions
CENTRAL EÓLICA OFFSHORE WINDFLOAT ATLANTIC WindPlus, Julio de Jesus Consultores Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
The large-scale impact of offshore wind farm structures on pelagic primary productivity in the southern North Sea Slavik, K., Lemmen, C., Zhang, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates
Disturbance of harbour porpoises during construction of the first seven offshore wind farms in Germany Brandt, M., Dragon, A., Diederichs, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals
The Impacts of Chinese Wind Farms on Climate Sun, H., Luo, Y., Zhao, Z. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Marine Biodiversity and the Development of a North Sea Offshore Powerhouse van Steen, H., Buseman, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Changes in European wind energy generation potential within a 1.5 °C warmer world Hosking, J., MacLeod, D., Phillips, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2018 Rodrigues, L. Report Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Bats
A portfolio model for siting offshore wind farms with economic and environmental objectives Cranmer, A., Baker, E., Liesiö, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Ecosystem Processes
Is bird conservation a barrier to wind energy? Aversa, I., Polizel, J., Montaño, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Field validation of radar systems for monitoring bird migration Nilsson, C., Dokter, A., Schmid, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
The Influence of Real‐World Wind Turbine Deployments on Local to Mesoscale Climate Pryor, S., Barthelmie, R., Shepherd, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Onshore and Offshore Wind Farms in Texas Chipindula, J., Botlaguduru, V., Du, H. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Shorebird Staging and Migratory Movements at Chaplin and Reed Lakes, Saskatchewan, with Implications for Wind Energy Development Howell, J. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Shorebirds, Birds
Inventory and assessment of models and methods used for describing quantifying and assessing cumulative effects of offshore wind farms van Oostveen, M., Sierdsma, F., Kwakkel, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Environmental justice and the expanding geography of wind power conflicts Avila, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Flight Response to Spatial and Temporal Correlates Informs Risk from Wind Turbines to the California Condor Poessel, S., Brandt, J., Mendenhall, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy 2016-2017 Large Bony Fish and Fish Shoal Interim Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Fish
The impact of on-shore and off-shore wind turbine farms on property prices Jensen, C., Panduro, T., Lundhede, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Comparison of Recent Oil and Gas, Wind Energy, and Other Anthropogenic Landscape Alteration Factors in Texas Through 2014 Pierre, J., Wolaver, B., Labay, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Physical Environment
The Development of Ocean Test Beds for Ocean Technology Adaptation and Integration into the Emerging U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Industry Kirincich, A., Borkland, J., Hines, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
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