Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Ecological Impact of Airborne Wind Energy Technology: Current State of Knowledge and Future Research Agenda Bruinzeel, L., Klop, E., Brenninkmeijer, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy Collision Birds
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey Results of Lease Area OCS-A 0512 Equinor Quarterly Report: November 2017 to January 2018 Jervis, L., Warford, S., Wilmott, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
ORJIP Bird Collision and Avoidance Study Skov, H., Heinänen, S., Norman, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Windpower and reindeer Strand, O., Colman, J., Eftestøl, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals
Mitigating the negative impacts of tall wind turbines on bats: Vertical activity profiles and relationships to wind speed Wellig, S., Nussle, S., Miltner, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Cultivating mussels in the Belgian North Sea Pribadi, A.B.K., Donatini, L., Lataire, E. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Local voices on renewable energy projects: the performative role of the regulatory process for major offshore infrastructure in England and Wales Rydin, Y., Natarajan, L., Lee, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Do local economic interests matter when regulating nationally significant infrastructure? The case of renewable energy infrastructure projects Rydin, Y., Natarajan, L., Lee, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Raptor Interactions with Wind Energy: Case Studies from Around the World Watson, R., Kolar, P., Ferrer, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Tier 4 Post-Construction Mortality Monitoring Study for the Odell Wind Energy Project Cottonwood and Jackson Counties, Minnesota: Final Fatality Report December 2016 – December 2017 Chodachek, K., Gustafson, Z. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Eagle Take Minimization System Petr, R., Knag, J., Laufer, E. Report Wind Energy Raptors, Birds
Navigating the participatory processes of renewable energy infrastructure regulation: A 'local participant perspective' on the NSIPs regime in England and Wales Natarajan, L., Rydin, Y., Lock, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
ICES WGMBRED Report 2018: Report of the Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED) International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Predicting the impacts of wind farms on seabirds: An individual-based model Warwick-Evans, V., Atkinson, P., Walkington, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Avoidance Seabirds, Birds
The association of windmills with conservation of pollinating insects and wild plants in homogeneous farmland of western Poland Pustkowiak, S., Banaszak-Cibicka, W., Mielczarek, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
Wind turbines impact bat activity, leading to high losses of habitat use in a biodiversity hotspot Millon, L., Colin, C., Brescia, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Bats
Hornsea Project Three Offshore Wind Farm RPS group Website Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Microplastics in a wind farm area: A case study at the Rudong Offshore Wind Farm, Yellow Sea, China Wang, T., Zou, X., Li, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Chemicals Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality
Wind Farm Le Peuchapatte: Analysis of Bat Recordings and Evaluation of Mitigation Measures Brossard, C., Aschwanden, J., Bontadina, F. Report Wind Energy Bats
Reconsidering barriers to wind power projects: community engagement, developer transparency and place Firestone, J., Hoen, B., Rand, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Summary Report: Best Management Practices Workshop for Atlantic Offshore Wind Facilities and Marine Protected Species Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
An approach for evaluating changes in land-use from energy sprawl and other anthropogenic activities with implications for biotic resource management Wolaver, B., Pierre, J., Labay, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Reptiles
A Review of Vessel Traffic and Fishing Activity Standards for Offshore Wind Farm in Domestic Areas Based on the Analysis of Foreign Cases Kwon, Y., Lee, C., Rim, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Navigation, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Collision sensitive niche profile of the worst affected bird-groups at wind turbine structures in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany Bose, A., Durr, T., Klenke, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Benthic Monitoring During Wind Turbine Installation and Operation at the Block Island Wind Farm, Rhode Island Bartley, M., English, P., King, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Draft Generic Environmental Impact Statement for Procurement of Offshore Wind New York State Department of Public Service, Ecology and Environment Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Appendix L-2 WEST Bird and Bat Annual Report 2018 Gordon, C., Matteson, A., Stucker, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Factors influencing citizens' acceptance and non-acceptance of wind energy in Germany Langer, K., Decker, T., Roosen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Avian Use Surveys for the Prevailing Winds Wind Project: Bon Homme and Charles Mix Counties, South Dakota. Year Two Final Report: March 3, 2016 - April 19, 2017 Derby, C., Agudelo, S., Thorn, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A strategic analysis of tidal current energy conversion systems in the European Union Segura, E., Morales, R., Somolinos, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy
High rates of vessel noise disrupt foraging in wild harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Wisniewska, D., Johnson, M., Teilmann, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Appendix E-2 LimnoTech Report - Results of 2017 Aquatic Sampling LimnoTech Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Invertebrates
The effects of temporary exclusion of activity due to wind farm construction on a lobster (Homarus gammarus) fishery suggests a potential management approach Roach, M., Cohen, M., Forster, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Capturing benefits Hooper, T., Ashley, M., Austen, M. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy
Marine spatial planning Ehler, C. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
Co-locating offshore wind farms and marine protected areas Ashley, M., Austen, M., Rodwell, L. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
Challenges and opportunities for governance in marine spatial planning Greenhill, L. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
Tracing regime shifts in the provision of coastal-marine cultural ecosystem services Gee, K., Burkhard, B. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Social & Economic Data, Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
Meaningful stakeholder participation in marine spatial planning with offshore energy Yates, K. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Stakeholder Engagement, Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
Marine spatial planning and stakeholder collaboration Brooks, P., Jedele, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Stakeholder Engagement, Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
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