Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Evaluating habitat, prey, and mesopredator associations in a community of marine birds Goyert, H., Gardner, B., Veit, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Marine Energy Seabirds, Birds
Appendix M-1 Biological Assessment for Project Icebreaker EDR, D.P.C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes
Spatial targeting, synergies and scale: Exploring the criteria of smart practices for siting renewable energy projects Frantal, B., Van der Horst, D., Martinat, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Marine Energy Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Cumulative Adverse Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Development on Wildlife [Thesis] Goodale, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Assessing space use by pre-breeding white-tailed eagles in the context of wind-energy development in Finland Balotari-Chiebao, F., Brommer, J., Saurola, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
The influence of stakeholder groups in operation and maintenance services of offshore wind farms: Lesson from Denmark Ahsan, D., Pederson, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Opposition "overblown"? Community response to wind energy siting in the Western United States Giordono, L., Boudet, H., Karmazina, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Quantifying avian avoidance of offshore wind turbines: Current evidence and key knowledge gaps Cook, A., Humphreys, E., Bennet, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey of Lease Area OCSA 0512 Monthly Report: May 2018 Jervis, L., Warford, S., Wilmott, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Potential Interaction Analysis of Offshore Wind Energy Areas and Breeding Avian Species on the US Mid-Atlantic Coast Wisman, J., Maxwell, S. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Flatfish habitat use near North America's first offshore wind farm Wilber, D., Carey, D., Griffin, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish
Explaining regional acceptance of the German energy transition by including trust in stakeholders and perception of fairness as socio-institutional factors Golz, S., Wedderhoff, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Understanding Marine Mammal Presence in the Virginia Offshore Wind Energy Area Salisbury, D., Estabrook, B., Klinck, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Migratory bats are attracted by red light but not by warm-white light: Implications for the protection of nocturnal migrants Voigt, C., Rehnig, K., Lindecke, O. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats
Populist resistance and alternative transitions: Indigenous ownership of energy infrastructure in Aotearoa New Zealand MacArthur, J., Matthewman, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Contested wind energy: Discourses on energy impacts and their significance for energy justice in Fosen Otte, P., Rønningen, K., Moe, E. Book Chapter Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Biodiversity Issues Should Be Better Taken into Account in the Energy Transition Hallosserie, A., Soubelet, H., Leriche, H. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Marine Energy Human Dimensions
Validating automated click detector dolphin detection rates and investigating factors affecting performance Garrod, A., Fandel, A., Wingfield, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Effects of Man-Made Sound on Fishes Hawkins, A., Popper, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Noise Fish
Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Animals Slabbekoorn, H., Dooling, R., Popper, A. Book Wind Energy, Marine Energy Noise
Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals Erbe, C., Dunlop, R., Dolman, S. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Noise Marine Mammals
Ocean sprawl facilitates dispersal and connectivity of protected species Henry, L., Mayorga-Adame, C., Fox, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
Modeling golden eagle‐vehicle collisions to design mitigation strategies Lonsdorf, E., Sanders-Reed, C., Boal, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Wind Energy and Bat Conservation - A Review by the Canadian Wind Energy Association Barnes, R., Hill, M., Peters, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Site Selection of Hybrid Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Systems in Greece Incorporating Environmental Impact Assessment Loukogeorgaki, E., Vagiona, D., Vasileiou, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Wave, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy
Estimating habitat loss due to wind turbine avoidance by bats: Implications for European siting guidance Barre, K., Le Viol, I., Bas, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats
Golden Eagle Conservation Plan for the Ocotillo Wind Energy Facility Ocotillo Express Guidance Wind Energy Birds, Raptors
Metocean Characterization Recommended Practices for U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Nonlocal Inadvertent Weather Modification Associated with Wind Farms in the Central United States Lauridsen, M., Ancell, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Oceanographic and biological influences on recruitment of benthic invertebrates to hard substrata on the Oregon shelf Meyer, K., Li, Y., Young, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Invertebrates
The legislative regime for environment assessment and approval of offshore wind energy developments in England and Wales Wawryk, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Using network analysis to identify indicator species and reduce collision fatalities at wind farms Sebastian-Gonzalez, E., Perez-Garcia, J., Carrete, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Trialling a Seabird Sensitivity Mapping Tool for Marine Renewable Energy Developments in Ireland Burke, B. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Wind turbine impact on near-ground air temperature Moravec, D., Barták, V., Puš, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Summary of Summer 2018 Digital Survey #9 Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Lessons learned in marine governance: Case studies of marine spatial planning practice in the U.S. Smythe, T., McCann, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Stakeholder Engagement, Marine Spatial Planning, Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
The Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Marine Spatial Planning and Marine Renewables: Linking Concepts for Implementation. A Case Study from Scotland MacDonald, A. Thesis Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
A call for a blue degrowth: Unravelling the European Union's fisheries and maritime policies Hadjimichael, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Barbastelle bats in a wind farm: are they at risk? Apoznanski, G., Sanchez-Navarro, S., Kokurewicz, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Automated monitoring for birds in flight: Proof of concept with eagles at a wind power facility McClure, C., Marinson, L., Allison, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
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