Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Seabird monitoring at the Thornton Bank offshore wind farm: Lesser black-backed gull distribution in and around the wind farm using GPS logger data Vanermen, N., Courtens, W., Daelemans, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Birds, Seabirds
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Summer 2017 Target Extraction Summary Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Public estimates of support for offshore wind energy: False consensus, pluralistic ignorance, and partisan effects Sokoloski, R., Markowitz, E., Bidwell, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Stakeholder Engagement, Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Offshore Windfarms Severinsen, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Living in Habitats Affected by Wind Turbines May Result in an Increase in Corticosterone Levels in Ground Dwelling Animals Łopucki, R., Klich, D., Scibior, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals
Swimming Speed of a Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) During Playbacks of Offshore Pile Driving Sounds Kastelein, R., Van de Voorde, S., Jennings, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
RECON: Reef effect structures in the North Sea, islands or connections? Summary Report Coolen, J., van der Weide, B., Cuperus, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Mapping the global potential exposure of soaring birds to terrestrial wind energy expansion Santangeli, A., Butchart, S., Pogson, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Seabird counts at St Abb's Head to Fast Castle SPA in 2016 for Marine Renewables Casework Swann, B. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
On the Multi-Scale Interactions Between an Offshore-Wind-Turbine Wake and the Ocean-Sediment Dynamics in an Idealized Framework - A Numerical Investigation Nagel, T., Chauchat, J., Wirth, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
The Indirect Impacts of Wind Farms on Terrestrial Mammals: Insights from the Disturbance and Exclusion Effects on Wolves (Canis lupus) da Costa, G., Paula, J., Petrucci-Fonseca, F. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Terrestrial Mammals
Exploitation of Offshore Wind Energy Lüdeke, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Still Spinning: A Look at the Federal Legal Landscape of Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Jared, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Moray Offshore Windfarm (West) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Moray Offshore Windfarm Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Summary of Fall 2017 Digital Survey #6 Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Public receptiveness of vertical axis wind turbines Hui, I., Cain, B., Dabiri, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Effect of an Offshore Wind Farm on the Viviparous Eelpout: Biometrics, Brood Development and Population Studies in Lillgrund, Sweden Langhamer, O., Dahlgren, T., Rosenqvist, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change Fish, Demersal Fish
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Summer 2017 Taxonomic Analysis Summary Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Biodiversity and Wind Farms in Portugal: Current Knowledge and Insights for an Integrated Impact Assessment Process Mascarenhas, M., Marques, A., Ramalho, R. Book Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Scale-dependent habitat selection by wintering geese: implications for landscape management Harrison, A., Petkov, N., Mitev, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Waterfowl, Birds
Handbook on Marine Environment Protection: Science, Impacts, and Sustainable Management Salomon, M., Markus, T. Book Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy
The mechanics of blue growth: Management of oceanic natural resource use with multiple, interacting sectors Klinger, D., Eikeset, A., Davíðsdóttir, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Marine Spatial Planning, Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Block Island Wind Farm Lobster Ventless Trap Survey Griffin, M., Carey, D. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates
Avian Monitoring and Mortality Report at the National Wind Technology Center: January 2010 - February 2011 Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
GenEst User Guide-Software for a Generalized Estimator of Mortality Simonis, J., Dalthorp, D., Huso, M. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Whooping Crane and Sandhill Crane Monitoring at Five Wind Energy Facilities Derby, C., Welsch, M., Thorn, T. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Shorebirds
Predicting the visual impact of onshore wind farms via landscape indices: A method for objectivizing planning and decision processes Sklenicka, P., Zouhar, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Visual Impacts, Human Dimensions
Energías renovables: Escenario actual y perspectivas futuras Montecinos, S., Carvajal, D. Book Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Hywind Scotland Pilot Park Project Plan for Construction Activities 2017 Statoil Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Fisheries
U.S. Geological Survey - Energy and Wildlife Research Annual Report for 2017 Khalil, M. Report Wind Energy Terrestrial Mammals, Fish, Birds, Bats
(Not) talking about justice: justice self-recognition and the integration of energy and environmental-social justice into renewable energy siting Bailey, I., Darkal, H. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Habitat risk assessment for regional ocean planning in the U.S. Northeast and Mid-Atlantic Wyatt, K., Griffin, R., Guerry, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Ecosystem Processes
Place attachment and marine recreationists' attitudes toward offshore wind energy development Brownlee, M., Hallo, J., Jodice, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Recreation & Tourism, Human Dimensions
Bird collision with power lines: estimating carcass persistence and detection associated with ground search surveys Borner, L., Duriez, O., Besnard, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Estimating flight heights of seabirds using optical rangefinders and GPS data loggers: a methodological comparison Borkenhagen, K., Corman, A., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Composition and activity of arthropodivorous bat community in wind farms in the Mexican Tropics Garcia-Luis, M., Briones-Salas, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
The energy landscape predicts flight height and wind turbine collision hazard in three species of large soaring raptor Peron, G., Fleming, C., Duriez, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds
How Green is 'Green' Energy? Gibson, L., Wilman, E., Laurance, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Riverine, Marine Energy Physical Environment
Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Minimum Noise Wind Turbine Al-Hamidi, H., Asfar, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
Taiwanese white dolphins and offshore wind farms Tougaard, J., Mikaelsen, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
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