Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
2021 Spring Post - Construction Bat Mortality Monitoring Report Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Veileder for arealtildeling, konsesjonsprosess og søknader for vindkraft til havs Ministry of Energy, Norway Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
The Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Sea State Demonstrated by Airborne LiDAR Measurements Bärfuss, K., Schulz-Stellenfleth, J., Lampert, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
The efficiency and coastal protection provided by a floating wind farm operating in the Romanian nearshore Girleanu, A., Onea, F., Rusu, E. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy on Seafood Sectors: A Macroeconomic Perspective of the Energy-Food Nexus Qu, Y. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data
Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials Akhtar, N., Geyer, B., Rockel, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Scenicness assessment of onshore wind sites with geotagged photographs and impacts on approval and cost-efficiency McKenna, R., Weinand, J., Mulalic, I. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data
Offshore Wind Farm Footprint on Organic and Mineral Particle Flux to the Bottom Ivanov, E., Capet, A., Borger, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
A pathway for citizen science data to inform policy: A case study using eBird data for defining low-risk collision areas for wind energy development Ruiz-Gutierrez, V., Bjerre, E., Otto, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Collision Risk for Migratory Birds Facing Wind Energy Installations in Europe in Relation to Wind Energy Production Tito, D. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Capercaillie and Wind Energy: An international research project Taubmann, J., Coppes, J., Andrén, H. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
The clash between biodiversity protection and renewable energy development in the European Union with reference to the Habitats and the Birds Directive s Aikaterini, N. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Impact of beliefs about negative effects of wind turbines on preference heterogeneity regarding renewable energy development in Poland Bartczak, A., Budziński, W., Gołębiowska, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
2021 JNCC Offshore Wind Evidence and Change Programme: Offshore Wind Environmental Evidence Register Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) Website Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Land use for United States power generation: A critical review of existing metrics with suggestions for going forward Wachs, E., Engel, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Detection-reaction systems in onshore windfarms, a mitigation solution to reduce bird fatalities: Principles for a relevant assessment of their performances Corbeau, A., Dupont, S., Besnard, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Ecosystem Processes
Post-construction bird and bat fatality monitoring studies at wind energy projects in Latin America: A summary and review Agudelo, S., Mabee, T., Palmer, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Beatrice Offshore Windfarm - Post-Construction Benthic Survey Methodology APEM Ltd Report Wind Energy Physical Environment
Vibrational noise from wind energy-turbines negatively impacts earthworm abundance Velilla, E., Collinson, E., Bellato, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Invertebrates
Landscape features associated to wind farms increase mammalian predator abundance and ground-nest predation Gomez-Catasus, J., Barrero, A., Reverter, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Feasibility study of large-scale deployment of colour-ringing on Black-legged Kittiwake populations to improve the realism of demographic models assessing the population impacts of offshore wind farms O’Hanlon, N.J., Wischnewski, S., Ewing, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Year 2 Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 0512: Combined Monthly Survey Report (Year 2): February 2019-December 2019 Arundale, M., Williams, A., Warford, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
California Deepwater Investigations and Groundtruthing (Cal DIG) I, Volume 1: Biological Site Characterization Offshore Morro Bay Kuhnz, L., Gilbane, L., Cochrane, G. Report Wind Energy Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Relative energy production determines effect of repowering on wildlife mortality at wind energy facilities Huso, M., Conkling, T., Dalthorp, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Site Assessment Plan: Beacon Wind AECOM Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Hydrodynamic Modeling, Particle Tracking and Agent-Based Modeling of Larvae in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Bight Johnson, T., van Berkel, J., Mortensen, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Wind energy's bycatch: Offshore wind deployment impacts on hydropower operation and migratory fish Pfeiffer, O., Nock, D., Baker, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Effects of wind farms on the nest distribution of magpie (Pica pica) in agroforestry systems of Chongming Island, China Song, N., Xu, H., Zhao, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Passerines
Resolving Key Uncertainties of Seabird Flight and Avoidance Behaviours at Offshore Wind Farms: Annual report for April 2020 – October 2020 Tjørnløv, R., Skov, H., Armitage, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Nobelwind Offshore Energy: Annual Work Report 2020 Nobelwind Offshore Energy Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Vietnam’s Policy for Promoting Offshore Wind Power and Environmental Impact Assessment Son, N., Gam, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy
Annual environmental report 2020 – Belwind Belwind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Navigation
A call to assess the impacts of electromagnetic fields from subsea cables on the movement ecology of marine migrants Klimley, A., Putnam, N., Keller, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy EMF Fish, Invertebrates
Evaluating the fish aggregation effect of wind turbine facilities by using scientific echo sounder in Nanlong wind farm area, western Taiwan Huang, T., Lu, H., Lin, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Fish, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
State of the Science Workshop on Offshore Wind and Wildlife 2020: Cumulative Impacts New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles
Characterisation of the Potential Impacts of Subsea Power Cables Associated with Offshore Renewable Energy Projects Taormina, B., Quillienn, N., Lejart, M. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates
Overview of the effects of offshore wind farms on fisheries and aquaculture Van Hoey, G., Bastardie, F., Birchenough, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement
A modelling evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted by buried subsea power cables and encountered by marine animals: considerations for marine renewable energy development Hutchison, Z., Gill, A., Sigray, P. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Invertebrates
Spatial and temporal analysis of cumulative environmental effects of offshore wind farms in the North Sea basin Gusatu, L., Menegon, S., Depellegrin, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Physical Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Wildlife Mortality in Wind Turbine Transformer Basins Meyer, S., Matlack, R., Ray, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
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