Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Vineyard Wind 1 Construction and Operations Plan Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
The biodiversity-wind energy-land use nexus in a global biodiversity hotspot Kati, V., Kassara, C., Vrontisi, Z. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
The Expected Impact of Marine Energy Farms Operating in Island Environments with Mild Wave Energy Resources - A Case Study in the Mediterranean Sea Rusu, L., Onea, F., Rusu, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Guidance for analytical methods to cumulative effects assessment for terrestrial species Mahon, C., Pelech, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Risk of Avian Collisions in Wind Turbines Matsuda, H., Sugimoto, H., Shimada, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Beatrice Offshore Windfarm - Post-construction Sandeel Survey - Technical Report Beatrice Offshore Windfarm Limited Report Wind Energy Displacement Fish
South Fork Wind Farm Construction and Operations Plan Ørsted, Eversource Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Anthropogenic Sound Exposure-Induced Stress in Captive Dolphins and Implications for Cetacean Health Yang, W., Chen, C., Chuah, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Adaptive management to improve eagle conservation at terrestrial wind facilities New, L., Simonis, J., Otto, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
HELCOM Guidelines for monitoring continuous noise Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Uncharted waters: Exploring coastal recreation impacts, coping behaviors, and attitudes towards offshore wind energy development in the United States Ferguson, M., Evensen, D., Ferguson, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Del Norte County Offshore Wind Preliminary Feasibility Assessment Chapman, G., Guerrero, I., Jacobson, A. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Wind turbine blade material in the United States: Quantities, costs, and end-of-life options Cooperman, A., Eberle, A., Lantz, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment, Social & Economic Data
Aeroacoustic Assessment of Wind Plant Controls Hamilton, N., Bortolotti, P., Jager, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise
Optimistic with reservations: The impacts of the United States' first offshore wind farm on the recreational fishing experience Smythe, T., Bidwell, D., Tyler, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data
The State of the Science on Operational Minimization to Reduce Bat Fatality at Wind Energy Facilities Whitby, M., Schirmacher, M., Frick, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Movement pattern of red seabream Pagrus major and yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata around Offshore Wind Turbine and the neighboring habitats in the waters near Goto Islands, Japan Karama, K., Matsushita, Y., Inoue, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Pelagic Fish
Insect fatalities at wind turbines as biodiversity sinks Voigt, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Invertebrates
La urgencia de hacer Restauración ecológica en México Mendez-Toribio, M., Izquierdo- Calderón, N., Martinez-Garza, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
ThruTracker: Open-Source Software for 2-D and 3-D Animal Video Tracking Corcoran, A., Schirmacher, M., Black, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Wildlife Data Standardization and Sharing: Environmental Data Transparency for New York State Offshore Wind Energy New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Behavioral patterns of bats at a wind turbine confirm seasonality of fatality risk Goldenberg, S., Cryan, P., Gorresen, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision, Displacement Bats
Vineyard Wind 2020 Survey Season Annual Report: American Lobster, Black Sea Bass, Larval Lobster Abundance Survey, and Lobster Tagging Study of the 501N Study Area Stokesbury, K., Cassidy, K., Lowery, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Delivering on circularity through innovative materials and recycling technology ETIP Wind Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Ocean Justice: Strategies for an Equitable Implementation of North Carolina’s Offshore Wind Industry Schroeger, J. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Guidelines for Lighting and Marking of Structures Supporting Renewable Energy Development Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Lighting Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Review of tracking devices to study spatiotemporal disturbance of seabirds by offshore wind farms Potiek, A., Duijns, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Birds, Seabirds
Potential ecosystem effects of large upscaling of offshore wind in the North Sea Zijl, F., Laan, S., Emmanouil, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change
Ecosystem effects of large scale upscaling of offshore wind on the North Sea van Duren, L., Zijl, F., van Kessel, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Birds, Marine Mammals
Resource Occurrence and Productivity in Existing and Proposed Wind Energy Lease Areas on the Northeast US Shelf Friedland, K., Methratta, E., Gill, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Invertebrates
A critical review on environmental impacts of renewable energy systems and mitigation strategies: Wind, hydro, biomass and geothermal Sayad, E. , Wilberforce, T., Elsaid, K. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy
Construction Marine Mammal Monitoring Programme Fieldwork Report 2020 Graham, I.M., Cheney, B.J., Hewitt, R.C. Report Wind Energy Marine Mammals
Agent-based models to investigate sound impact on marine animals: bridging the gap between effects on individual behaviour and population level consequences Mortensen, L., Chudzinska, M., Slabbekoorn, H. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Predicting migration routes for three species of migratory bats using species distribution models Wieringa, J., Carstens, B., Gibbs, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Hybrid life cycle assessment of an onshore wind farm including direct and indirect services: A case study in Guajira, Colombia Vélez-Henao, J-A, Vivanco, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy, Life Cycle Assessment
Thornton Bank Offshore Wind Farm Annual Report 2020 Magnus, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Quantifying Turbine-Level Risk to Golden Eagles Using a High-Fidelity Updraft Model and a Stochastic Behavioral Model Tripp, C., Sandhu, R., Lawson, M. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Twenty-five years under the wind turbines in La Venta, Mexico: social difference, land control and agrarian change Contreras, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Habitat use by post-fledging white-tailed eagles shows avoidance of human infrastructure and agricultural areas Balotari-Chiebao, F., Brommer, J., Tikkanen, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
The Rockhopper: a compact and extensible marine autonomous passive acoustic recording system Klinck, H., Winiarski, D., Mack, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
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