Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Evaluating receiver contributions to acoustic positional telemetry: a case study on Atlantic cod around wind turbines in the North Sea van der Knaap, I., Slabbekoorn, H., Winter, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change Fish, Pelagic Fish
Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 (Beacon Wind) Annual Report: December 2019 to November 2020 Arundale, M., Goulding, A., Rogerson, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Near-term ecological forecasting for dynamic aeroconservation of migratory birds Horton, K., Van Doren, B., Albers, H. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Lighting Birds, Human Dimensions, Navigation
Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development WREN, Correia, S., Canário, F. Summary Wind Energy Birds
Supporting National Environmental Policy Act Documentation for Offshore Wind Energy Development Related to Avian Species Research Fernandez, K., Middleton, P., Salerno, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Acoustic and Genetic Approaches for Informing Population Status and Trends of Migratory Tree Bats Hein, C., Hale, A., Straw, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
The international regulation for the protection of the environment in the development of marine renewable energy in the EU Soria‐Rodríguez, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Predicting Bald Eagle Collision at Wind Energy Facilities Nasman, K., Bay, K., Mattson, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A predictive model for improving placement of wind turbines to minimise collision risk potential for a large soaring raptor Murgatroyd, M., Bouten, W., Amar, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Installation of offshore wind turbines: A technical review Jiang, Z. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Combining offshore wind farms, nature conservation and seafood: Lessons from a Dutch community of practice Steins, N., Veraart, J., Klostermann, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Temporal Patterns in Offshore Bird Abundance During the Breeding Season at the Dutch North Sea Coast van Erp, J., Loon, E., Camphuysen, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Megafauna Aerial Surveys in the Wind Energy Areas of Massachusetts and Rhode Island with Emphasis on Large Whales: Interim Report Campaign 6A, 2020 O'Brien, O., McKenna, K., Pendleton, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Development and testing of a three-dimensional ballistics model for bat strikes on wind turbines Prakash, S., Markfort, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Estimating bird flight height using 3-D photogrammetry Prinsloo, N., Postma, M., Ryan, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Assessment of Seascape, Landscape, and Visual Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy Developments on the Outer Continental Shelf of the United States Sullivan, R. Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Risk Assessment to Model Encounter Rates between Large Whales and Sea Turtles and Vessel Traffic from Offshore Wind Energy on the Atlantic OCS Barkaszi, M., Fonseca, M., Foster, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Navigation
An Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Extracting Marine Renewable Energy in the Coastal Environment of the Black Sea Zburlea, L., Rusu, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
New York Bight Passive Acoustic Monitoring Workshop Report Wildlife Conservation Society Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Bats (Chiroptera) of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah and Arizona Carpenter, G., Pilkington, L., Levorse, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Bats
Sustainable Decommissioning: Wind Turbine Blade Recycling Bennet, L. Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Assessing the vulnerability of breeding bird populations to onshore wind-energy developments in Finland Balotari-Chiebao, F., Valkama, J., Byholm, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Summer and autumn activity patterns of the eastern bent-wing bat (Miniopterus orianae oceanensis) at a large maternity site in southern New South Wales Mills, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Radar-based Detection of Birds at Wind Turbines: Numerical Analysis for Optimum Coverage Zadeh, A., Malzer, M., Nguyen, D. Conference Paper Wind Energy Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Effects of magnetic fields related to submarine power cables on the behaviour of larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Jakubowska, M., Greszkiewicz, M., Fey, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, EMF Fish
Multi-Disciplinary and Multi-Scale Assessment of Marine Renewable Energy Structure in a Tidal System Raoux, A., Robin, I., Pezy, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates
Enabling conditions for an equitable and sustainable blue economy Cisneros-Montemayor, A., Moreno-Baez, M., Reygondeau, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Migratory movements of British and Irish Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna: a review of ringing data and a pilot tracking study to inform potential interactions with offshore wind farms in the North Sea Green, R., Burton, N., Cook, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
How could operational underwater sound from future offshore wind turbines impact marine life? Stober, U., Thomsen, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
Short Science Summary: European Grouse and Wind Energy Development WREN, Coppes, J., Bollmann, K. Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Response of waterbird abundance and flight behavior to a coastal wind farm on the East Asian-Australasian Flyway Bai, M-L., Chih, W-C., Lee, P-F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
AWWI Technical Report: Performance of the GenEst Mortality Estimator Compared to the Huso and Shoenfeld Estimators Rabie, P., Riser-Espinoza, D., Studyvin, J. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
U.S. Geological Survey Migratory Bird Science, 2020–21 Pearse, A., Sherfy, M., Wimer, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Physical Environment
Scour Protections for Offshore Foundations of Marine Energy Harvesting Technologies: A Review Fazeres-Ferradosa, T., Chambel, J., Taveira-Pinto, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Physical Environment
Vineyard Wind 1 Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Novel Application and Validation of a Method to Assess Visual Impacts of Rotating Wind Turbine Blades Within Woodland Areas Nopp-Mayr, U., Kunz, F., Suppan, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Visual Impacts
ECO Wind Factsheet ECO Wind Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Raptors
Changes in feeding behavior of longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) during laboratory exposure to pile driving noise Jones, I., Peyla, J., Clark, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Invertebrates
Offshore Wind Report: Positioning for U.S. Expansion: U.S. Ports and Vessels Innovation American Bureau of Shipping Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Navigation
Decarbonisation of the power sector to engender a 'Just transition' in Japan: Quantifying local employment impacts Kuriyama, A., Abe, N. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
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