Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Decarbonisation of the power sector to engender a 'Just transition' in Japan: Quantifying local employment impacts Kuriyama, A., Abe, N. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind COP Appendix II-J: Essential Fish Habitat Assessment Environmental Design & Research, Landscape Architecture, Engineering, & Environmental Services, D.P.C. (EDR) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish
Field Observations During Offshore Wind Structure Installation and Operation (Maryland Offshore Wind and Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind) Amaral, J., Ampela, K., Frankel, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
ROSA Offshore Wind Project Monitoring Framework and Guidelines ROSA Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Revolution Wind COP Appendix Z1: Assessment of Impacts to Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles, and ESA-Listed Fish Species CSA Ocean Sciences Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Proceedings from the State of the Science and Technology for Minimizing Impacts to Bats from Wind Energy Hein, C., Straw, B. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Bats
Biodiversity and bird surveys in Finnish environmental impact assessments and follow-up monitoring Mäkeläinen, S., Lehikoinen, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Changes in feeding behavior of longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) during laboratory exposure to pile driving noise Jones, I., Peyla, J., Clark, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Invertebrates
Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines McClure, C., Rolek, B., Dunn, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Monitoring of geese in the territory of Integrated System for Protection of Birds, Winter 2020-2021 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Waterfowl
Evaluating the South Korean public perceptions and acceptance of offshore wind farming: evidence from a choice experiment study Kim, J., Choi, K., Yoo, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind COP Appendix II-G2: 2020 Benthic Assessment Report Morandi, A., Berkman, S., Dauksis, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Physical Environment
MOTION OF THE CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION FOR APPROVAL OF THE ELECTRIC PROGRAM INVESTMENT CHARGE INTERIM INVESTMENT PLAN 2021 California Energy Commission Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Drivers of European bat population change: a review reveals evidence gaps Browning, E., Barlow, K., Burns, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Bats, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
A Runway Safety System Based on Vertically Oriented Stereovision Gradolewski, D., Dziak, D., Kaniecki, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds
JUMP Deliverable 2: Inventory of background information Sobreira, F., Cruz, E., Luís, A. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
The Merits of Loop Analysis for the Qualitative Modeling of Social-Ecological Systems in Presence of Offshore Wind Farms Niquil, N., Scotti, M., Fofack-Garcia, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Integrating Social and Ecological Research on the Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in North America ten Brink, T., Dalton, T., Livermore, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data
A Biomimetic Ultrasonic Whistle for Use as a Bat Deterrent on Wind Turbines Sievert, P., Modarres-Sadeghi, Y., Smotherman, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Peaks in bat activity at turbines and the implications for mitigating the impact of wind energy developments on bats Richardson, S., Lintott, P., Hosken, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats
Towards sustainable blue energy production: an analysis of legal transformative and adaptive capacity Simila, J., Soininen, N., Paukku, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Riverine, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
A Multi-Criteria Approach to Evaluate Floating Offshore Wind Farms Siting in the Canary Islands (Spain) Díaz, H., Soares, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Resident perceptions of local offshore wind energy development: Modeling efforts to improve participatory processes Gonyo, S., Fleming, C., Freitag, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Northern gannets (Morus bassanus) are strongly affected by operating offshore wind farms during the breeding season Peschko, V., Mendel, B., Mercker, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Local labor impact of wind energy investment: An analysis of Portuguese municipalities Costa, H., Veiga, L. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Offshore Wind Market Development and Transmission in the U.S. Northeast Smith, K. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Estimation of spatiotemporal trends in bat abundance from mortality data collected at wind turbines Davy, C., Squires, K., Zimmerling, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats
Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation Solman, H., Smits, M., Vliet, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change, Noise Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Fishing within offshore wind farms in the North Sea: Stakeholder perspectives for multi-use from Scotland and Germany Schupp, M., Kafas, A., Buck, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Strategic Environmental Assessment and the precautionary principle in the spatial planning of wind farms – European experience in Serbia Josimović, B., Cvjetić, A., Furundžić, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy
South Fork Wind Farm COP Appendix P1: Assessment of Impacts to Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles, and Sturgeon CSA Ocean Sciences Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
The Potential of Satellite Imagery for Surveying Whales Höschle, C., Cubaynes, H., Clarke, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Calculation of biodiversity level between different land-uses to improve conservation outcomes of biodiversity offsetting Millon, L., Barre, K., Julliard, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Farmers vs. lakers: Agriculture, amenity, and community in predicting opposition to United States wind energy development Bessette, D., Mills, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Biological Environmental Background Report for the Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Trends and knowledge gaps in field research investigating effects of anthropogenic noise Jerem, P., Mathews, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Valorisation perspectives for offshore wind energy innovation projects Behrens, C., Brouwer, E., Winkelmolen, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Limitations, lack of standardization, and recommended best practices in studies of renewable energy effects on birds and bats Conkling, T., Loss, S., Diffendorfer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Energy-food nexus in the marine environment: A macroeconomic analysis on offshore wind energy and seafood production in Scotland Qu, Y., Hooper, T., Swales, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data
Sustainable site selection of offshore wind farms using GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis and analytical hierarchy process. Case study: Island of Crete (Greece) Gkeka-Serpetsidaki, P., Tsoutsos, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data
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