Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Conservation: Tracking bats around wind turbines O'Mara, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Bats
Wind energy production in forests conflicts with tree-roosting bats Reusch, C., Paul, A., Fritze, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
The Role of Fishery-Independent Bottom Trawl Surveys in Providing Regional and Temporal Context to Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Studies Gervelis, B., Wilber, D., Brown, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Managing human activity and marine mammals: A biologically based, relativistic risk assessment framework Southall, B., Tollit, D., Amaral, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
The potential impact of human interventions at different scales in offshore wind farms to promote flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) reef development in the southern North Sea Hofstede, R., Williams, G., Koningsveld, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Resolving Key Uncertainties of Seabird Flight and Avoidance Behaviours at Offshore Wind Farms: Final Report for the study period 2020-2021 Tjørnløv, R., Skov, H., Armitage, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Site Selection of Combined Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Farms: A Systematic Review Hosseinzadeh, S., Etemad-Shahidi, A., Stewart, R. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Opportunistic Offshore Sighting of a Tricolored Bat (Perimyotis subflavus) Bort Thornton, J., Richlen, M., McDonald, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Bats
Long-Term Succession on Offshore Wind Farms and the Role of Species Interactions Zupan, M., Rumes, B., Vanaverbeke, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Invertebrates
Development of a computable general equilibrium model based on integrated macroeconomic framework for ocean multi-use between offshore wind farms and fishing activities in Scotland Qu, Y., Hooper, T., Austen, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data
Wind Power Increases the Plant Diversity of Temperate Grasslands but Decreases the Dominance of Palatable Plants Ji. G., Ganjurjav, H., Hu, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow
Wind turbines in managed forests partially displace common birds Rehling, F., Delius, A., Ellerbrok, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Engaging stakeholders in marine spatial planning for collaborative scoring of conflicts and synergies within a spatial tool environment Bonnevie, I., Hansen, H., Schrøder, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Reducing bat mortality at wind farms using site-specific mitigation measures: a case study in the Mediterranean region, Croatia Rnjak, D., Janeš, M. , Križan, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Revolution Wind COP Appendix P3: Underwater Acoustic Modeling Analysis Kusel, E., Weirathmueller, M., Zammit, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Flight Type and Seasonal Movements Are Important Predictors for Avian Collisions in Wind Farms Puente, A., Balmori, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Life-Cycle Assessment of a Multi-Megawatt Airborne Wind Energy System Hagen, L., Petrick, K., Wilhelm, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Assessing differences in acoustic characteristics from impact and vibratory pile installation and their potential effects on the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) Niu, F., Xie, J., Zhang, X. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Fish, Pelagic Fish, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
5th ScotMER Symposium: Compensatory Measures Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
5th ScotMER Symposium: Ornithology 2 Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
5th ScotMER Symposium: ScotMER Collaboration Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
A roadmap for required technological advancements to further reduce onshore wind turbine noise impact on the environment Bertagnolio, F., Herr, M., Madsen, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise
Underwater noise characteristics of offshore exploratory drilling and its impact on marine mammals Huang, L-F., Xu, X-M., Yang, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
5th ScotMER Symposium: Research Access to Wind Farms Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
5th ScotMER Symposium: Forward Look for ScotMER Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
5th ScotMER Symposium: Ecosystem Level Research Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Potential Repercussions of Offshore Wind Energy Development in the Northeast United States for the Atlantic Surfclam Survey and Population Assessment Borsetti, S., Munroe, D., Scheld, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Revolution Wind COP Appendix Q1: Offshore Electric- and Magnetic- Field Assessment Exponent Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions
Floating Wind Power in Deep-Sea Area: Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Impacts Yuan, W., Feng, J., Zhang, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Interdisciplinary analysis of wind energy - a focus on France Kinani, K., Meunier, S., Vido, L. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
An analysis of the factors affecting Irish citizens’ willingness to invest in wind energy projects Sirr, G., Power, B., Ryan, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Data on benthic species assemblages and seafloor sediment characteristics in an offshore windfarm in the southeastern North Sea Teschke, K., Gusky, M., Gutow, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Assessing the impacts of anthropogenic sounds on early stages of benthic invertebrates: The “Larvosonic system” Olivier, F., Gigot, M, Mathias, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Noise Invertebrates
On the importance of wind turbine wake boundary to wind energy and environmental impact Fan, Z., Li,S., Gao, Z. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Human Dimensions
Larval Lobster and Fish Neuston Net Survey for Regional Fisheries Monitoring in Southern New England Offshore Wind Development Stokesbury, K., Cassidy, K., Lowery, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Invertebrates
A techno-economic and socio-environmental planning of wind farms for sustainable development and transition to a decarbonized scenario: Pakistan as a case study Shah, M., Khanum, S., Waqas, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Benthic and Epifaunal Monitoring During Operation at the Block Island Wind Farm, Rhode Island: Technical Report: Year 4 Erickson, R., Kelly, C., Fonseca, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates
5th ScotMER Symposium: Energy Emissions Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Noise
Functional trait responses to different anthropogenic pressures Festjens, F., Buyse, J., De Backer, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
Birds vs. wind power – significant bird impacts of wind turbines in Finnish environmental impact assessment reports Hagman, A. Thesis Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
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