Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Monitoring of geese in the territory of Integrated System for Protection of Birds, Winter 2022-2023 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitefield, P. Report Wind Energy Birds
Supporting National Environmental Policy Act Documentation for Offshore Wind Energy Development Related Offshore Aquifers Middleton, P., Barnhart, B. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Society in Energy Transition and Justice: Social Acceptance and Contribution to Wind Energy Projects Skiniti, G., Tsoutsos, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Vector acoustic properties of underwater noise from impact pile driving measured within the water column Dahl, P., MacGillivray, A., Racca, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
An ecosystem-wide approach for assessing the spatialized cumulative effects of local and global changes on coastal ecosystem functioning Noguès, Q., Bourdaud, P., Araignous, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Fish
Thornton Bank Offshore Wind Farm Annual Report 2022 Magnus, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
The influence of contact relaxation on underwater noise emission and seabed vibrations due to offshore vibratory pile installation Molenkamp, T., Tsouvalas, A., Metrikine, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Physical Environment
Bat and Bird monitoring guidance Skov, H. Guidance Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Ocean Wind 1 Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Drivers of bat activity at wind turbines advocate for mitigating bat exposure using multicriteria algorithm-based curtailment Barre, K., Froidevaux, J., Sotillo, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision, Habitat Change Bats
Response of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) to different types of acoustic harassment devices and subsequent piling during the construction of offshore wind farms Voß, J., Rose, A., Kosarev, V. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Spatial Trade-Offs in National Land-Based Wind Power Production in Times of Biodiversity and Climate Crises Grimsrud, K., Hagem, C., Haaskjold, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Human Dimensions
Offshore Wind Energy or Domestic Seafood? How the Department of the Interior Can Facilitate Both Through Self-Binding Procedures Irwin, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Technology Acceptance Workshop: Meeting Proceedings Gottlieb, I. , Allison, T., Hein, C. Workshop Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Effects of offshore wind farms on suspended particulate matter derived from satellite remote sensing Brandao, I., van der Molen, J., van der Wal, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Monitoring Framework for Automated Radio Telemetry at Offshore Wind Projects in the U.S. Atlantic Loring, P., Carlson, E., Gobeille, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Short Science Summary: Collision Risk Modeling – A Tool for Assessing Risks to Raptors at Wind Energy Facilities WREN, Dempsey, L., Hein, C. Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Short Science Summary: The Likelihood of Bats Experiencing Barotrauma Near Moving Wind Turbine Blades WREN, Guest, E., Hein, C. Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Anholt Offshore Windfarm - Stabilisation of Cable Protection Systems and Cables at Scour Protected Monopile Locations and the Offshore Substation Grindlay, S., Fischer, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Marine invertebrates and noise Solé, M., Kaifu, K., Mooney, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Invertebrates
Monitoring of Marine Life During Offshore Wind Energy Development—Guidelines and Recommendations Kershaw, F., Jones, A., Folsom-O’Keefe, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Human Dimensions
Wind Energy Contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals: Case Study on London Array Olabi, A., Obaideen, K., Abdelkareem, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
A moderated mediation model to predict the adoption intention of renewable wind energy in developing countries Mustafa, S., Zhang, W., Sohail, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Constitutional aspects of ecological safety in relation to offshore wind farms in the British and Polish legal systems Drewek, M., Tretyn, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
eDNA metabarcoding reveals distinct fish and invertebrate diversity patterns in the shallow and well-mixed Belgian part of the North Sea Cornelis, I., De Backer, A., Vanhollebeke, J. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates
Effects of habitat factors on the plant diversity on naturally-restored wind farm slopes Wang, P., Yu, H., Xiao, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
Fisheries and Offshore Wind Interactions: Synthesis of Science Hogan, F., Hooker, B., Jensen, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data
The presence of wind turbines repels bats in boreal forests Gaultier, S., Lilley, T., Vesterinen,E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Bats
Stakeholder Engagement in California Offshore Wind: A Summary from CLEE’s 2022 Convenings and a 2023 Outlook Hoff, K., Segal, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement
Revolution Wind Construction and Operations Plan Vanasse Hangen Brustlin Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions
Impacts of human activities on the supply of marine ecosystem services: A conceptual model for offshore wind farms to aid quantitative assessments Van de Pol, L., Van der Biest, K., Taelman, S. E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
Potential biological impacts of very low frequency acoustical energy produced by offshore wind turbine energy generation Stocker, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Implications of offshore wind energy developments in coastal and maritime tourism and recreation areas: An analytical overview Machado, J., Andrés, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Recreation & Tourism
Harvesting the Wind: A Study on the Feasibility and Advancements of Wind Energy in Turkey Yalçın, Z., Dağ, M., Ayar, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Socio-economic, legal, and political context of offshore renewable energies Salvador, S., Ribeiro, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Effects of Wind Power Development on Reindeer: Global Positioning System Monitoring and Herders’ Experience Eftestøl, S., Tsegaye, D., Flydal, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals
Asymmetric linkages between wind energy and ecological sustainability: Evidence from quantile estimation Chen, M., Huang, W., Ali, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Social & Economic Data
Increased food availability at offshore wind farms affects trophic ecology of plaice Pleuronectes platessa Buyse, J., Hostens, K., Degraer, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Physical Environment
A framework for improving treatment of uncertainty in offshore wind assessments for protected marine birds Searle, K., O'Brien, S., Jones, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Simulating the influences of bat curtailment on power production at wind energy facilities Hayes, M., Lindsay, S., Solick, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
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