Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6406
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Maryland Offshore Wind Project: Onshore Magnetic-Field Assessment Exponent Inc. Report Wind Energy EMF
Evaluating the Benefits of Noise Reduction Mitigation: The ECHO Program Malinka, C., Tollit, D., Trounce, K. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Setting EU Threshold Values for impulsive underwater sound Sigray, P., Andersson, M., André, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals
Offshore Wind Energy and Seabird Collision Vulnerability in California Grover, W. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind South Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Ecological impacts of the expansion of offshore wind farms on trophic level species of marine food chain Wang, L., Wang, B., Cen, W. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
Effects of land-based wind turbine upsizing on community sound levels and power and energy density Hoen, B., Darlow, R., Haac, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Human Dimensions
U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Noise Reduction Associated with Installation of Fixed-Bottom Foundations: Workshop Report Green, R., Farr, H., Ryan, K. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Evaluation method of marine spaces for the planning and exploitation of offshore wind farms in isolated territories. A two-island case study Velazquez-Medina, S., Santana-Sarmiento, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Characterisation of underwater operational noise of two types of floating offshore wind turbines Risch, D., Favill, G., Marmo, B. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
The large-scale impact of anthropogenic mixing by offshore wind turbine foundations in the shallow North Sea Christiansen, N., Carpenter, J., Daewel, U. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Impact of wind farms on local land surface temperature in Qinghai Province, China Zhang, X., Wang, H., Shang, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
An interpretive model to assess the barriers to ocean energy toward blue economic development in India Trivedi, A., Trivedi, V., Pandey, K. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Seasonal patterns of bird and bat collision fatalities at wind turbines Lloyd, J., Butryn, R., Pearman-Gillman, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Place attachment and preferences for wind energy – A value-based approach Dugstad, A., Grimsrud, K., Kipperberg, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Towards Digital Twins of the Oceans: The Potential of Machine Learning for Monitoring the Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms on Marine Environments Schneider, J., Klüner, A., Zielinski, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
IdentiFlight als Schutzmaßnahme für den Seeadler (Haliaeetus albicilla) Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit sowie artenschutzrechtliche Einordnung Reichenbach, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind Construction and Operations Plan for Commercial Lease OCS Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind, LLC Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds, Fish, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Visual Impacts
The mayor said so? The impact of local political figures and social norms on local responses to wind energy projects Karakislak, I., Schneider, N. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Sustainable wind energy planning through ecosystem service impact valuation and exergy: A study case in south-central Chile Martínez-Martínez, Y., Dewulf, J., Aguayo, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality
Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions Suboticki, I., Heidenreich, S., Ryghaug, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Offshore Wind Industry in Massachusetts Santos, L. Thesis Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Hudson South 2 E05 Bat and Bird Acoustic Analysis and Results Summary Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Controversy in wind energy construction projects: How social systems impact project performance LaPatin, M., Spearing, L., Tiedmann, H. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Life Cycle Assessment of Future Offshore Wind Farms and Wave Energy Plant: A Comparative Study Odunaiya-Adebanjo, T. Thesis Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy Life Cycle Assessment
Anglers' support for an offshore wind farm: Fishing effects or clean energy symbolism Bidwell, D., Smythe, T., Tyler, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
The effect of offshore windfarms on hyperbenthic communities in the Belgian Part of the North Sea Vansteelandt, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Impacts, procedural processes, and local context: Rethinking the social acceptance of wind energy projects in the Netherlands Klok, C., Kirkels, A., Alkemade, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Sex Ratios of Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in California and Texas LiCari, S. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Social Acceptance of a Reduced-Footprint Synthetic Mooring System for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines in the Gulf of Maine Green, R., MacDonald, S., Fuchs, R. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Revolution Wind COP Appendix Y: Fisheries and Benthic Monitoring Plan INSPIRE Environmental Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Bluepoint Wind: Semi-Annual Progress Report (November 1, 2022 – April 30, 2023) Bluepoint Wind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Setting the Baseline: The Current Understanding of Equity in Land-Based Wind Energy Development and Operation Gill, E., Houghteling, C., Maniak, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Metabolomics for in situ monitoring of attached Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus edulis: Effects of offshore wind farms on aquatic organisms Wang, K., Gao, Z., Ru, X. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change, Noise Invertebrates
Comparative analysis of wind energy towards sustainability Perera, W. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
A network approach to analyse Australia’s blue economy policy and legislative arrangements Frohlich, M., Fidelman, P., Dutton, I. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Pilotstudie: Erprobung Probabilistik/Testing Probabilistics Mercker, M., Liedtke, J., Liesenjohann, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A Geospatial Analysis of Species of Interest in US Atlantic Wind Energy Areas O'Brien, B. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals
Assembly Bill 525 Offshore Wind Energy Permitting Roadmap MacDonald, R. Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Parc Éolien en Mer de Saint-Nazaire Banc de Guérande: Suivi halieutique en phase de construction Hacquebart, P., Couraud, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Fish, Physical Environment
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