Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Data Management & Storage Best Practices for Long-term and Archival Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) Data RWSC Marine Mammal Subcommittee Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Decoding Golden Eagle Movement Behavior from High-Resolution, Variable-Rate Telemetry Data Through Bayesian Filtering Sandhu, R., Tripp, C., Quon, E. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A review to inform the assessment of the risk of collision and displacement in petrels and shearwaters from offshore wind developments in Scotland Deakin, Z., Cook, A., Daunt, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Fish
Advanced Collision Detection and Site Monitoring for Avian and Bat Species for Offshore Wind Energy (Final Technical Report) Albertani, R., Johnston, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Delivering local benefit from offshore renewables: Working towards a new model for community benefit and local ownership Regen Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Update on the current state of knowledge on the impacts of offshore wind farms on birds in the OSPAR Region: 2019-2022 Leemans, J., Collier, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Potential Influence of Offshore Wind Farms on the Marine Stratification in the Waters Adjacent to China Lian, Z., Liu, K., Yang, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
New England Wind COP Appendix III-G: Preliminary Terrestrial Archaeology Resources Report and Permit Applications Epsilon Associates Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
New England Wind COP Appendix II-D: Marine Archaeological Resource Assessment Reports Gray & Pape Heritage Management, SEARCH, Inc., Epsilon Associates Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
PARC EOLIEN EN MER DE SAINTNAZAIRE: Phase Construction – Rapport opérationnel Bellanger, J., Clorennec, D., Billand, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Environmental licensing for offshore wind farms: Guidelines and policy implications for new markets de Vasconcelos, R., Silva, L., Gonzalez, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
New England Wind Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles
Marine renewable energy technologies on the high seas: challenges and opportunities to strengthen international environmental and renewable energy governance Soria-Rodríguez, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Community cognitive and affective perceptions of land-based and ocean wind energy infrastructure Russell, A., Firestone, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Great Lakes Wind Energy Feasibility Study Musial, W., Green, R., Courbis, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Framework for assessing and mitigating the impacts of offshore wind energy development on marine birds Croll, D., Ellis, A., Adams, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Human Dimensions
Ecosystem Benefits of Floating Offshore Wind Haberlin, D., Cohuo, A., Doyle, T. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Literature Review on Barrier Effects, Ghost Fishing, and Electromagnetic Fields for Floating Windfarms Williamson, L. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement, EMF, Entanglement Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Summary of Activities and the Results of Ornithological Monitoring in the Integrated System for Protection of Birds, 2022 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitefield, P. Report Wind Energy
Drone-mounted audio-visual deterrence of bats: implications for reducing aerial wildlife mortality by wind turbines Werber, Y., Hareli, G., Yinon, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Considerations on environmental, economic, and energy impacts of wind energy generation: Projections towards sustainability initiatives Msigwa, G., Ighalo, J., Yap, P-S. Journal Article Wind Energy Changes in Flow, Noise Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Offshore wind farms are projected to impact primary production and bottom water deoxygenation in the North Sea Daewel, U., Akhtar, N., Christiensen, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Environmental Impact Assessment
Guía de evaluación ambiental. Componente de vida silvestre Ministerio de Agricultura de Chile Guidance Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Development and Dynamics of Sediment Waves in a Complex Morphological and Tidal Dominant System: Southern Irish Sea Creane, S., Coughlan, M., O’Shea, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Tapping the ocean’s large renewable energy sources World Ocean Intiative Magazine Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy
Long-term impact on the breeding birds of a semi-offshore island-based wind farm in Åland, Northern Baltic Sea Tanskanen, A., Yrjola, R., Oja, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Displacement Birds, Shorebirds
U.S. Pacific Coast Workshop Report on Preconstruction Research Recommendations Green, R., Severy, M., Hein, C. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions
Proceedings of the 14th Wind-Wildlife Research Meeting Johnson, K. Report Wind Energy Collision, Displacement Human Dimensions
Offshore Wind Energy Permitting Processes in the European Union: An examination of Danish, German, Scottish and Swedish offshore permitting processes and case study of acoustic impact on marine mammals Jack, T. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Biological Assessment: Revolution Wind Farm and Revolution Export Cable - Development and Operation BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
A review of raptor carcass persistence trials and the practical implications for fatality estimation at wind farms Wilson, D., Hulka, S., Bennun, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Low-Carbon, Nature-Inclusive Concrete Gravity-Based Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines Fried, S., Ozkan, D., Halldén, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Conflicts between Fisheries and Offshore Wind Power in Taiwan: Legal and Administrative Prospects Tseng, H., Kao, S-C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
The species-specificity of energy landscapes for soaring birds, and its consequences for transferring suitability models across species Scacco, M., Arrondo, E., Donazar, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow, Collision Birds, Raptors
Entanglement Evidence Base OES-Environmental Summary Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement
Case studies to support scenario mapping for offshore renewable energy development economic benefits BVG Associates Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Spatial study North Seas 2030 – offshore wind development Royal Haskoning Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation
Bluepoint Wind: Fisheries Communications Plan (FCP) Sea Risk Solutions Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
SUIVI DE LA QUALITE DE L’EAU, DES HABITATS ET PEUPLEMENTS BENTHIQUES: PARC EOLIEN EN MER DE SAINT-NAZAIRE PHASE CONSTRUCTION 2022 Tertre, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Physical Environment
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