Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6406
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) Near Offshore Wind Farm Areas Off the Coast of New Jersey Pepper, B. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Technology Gaps for Bird Monitoring in Relation to Offshore Wind Energy Development Courbis, S., Etter, H., Pacini, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
New insights into the influence of turbines on the behaviour of migrant birds: implications for predicting impacts of offshore wind developments on wildlife Willmott, J., Forcey, G., Vukovich, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds
CPT-Based Geotechnical Characterization of Foundation Zone Sediments at Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind Farm Development Trandafir, A. C., Adhikari, S., Paralta, P. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Integrated Assessment of Seafloor and Subsurface Site Conditions at Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind Farm Development Varnell, S., Trandafir, A. C., Fortiz, V. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Geo-Data Engagement – A Systems Thinking Approach to Advancing Offshore Wind Farm Development in the US Rovang, K., Hargrave, D., Pallestrant, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Cyclic Strength of Soils at Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind Farm Peralta, P., Vembu, K., Fraser, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Offshore Wind Integrated Geoscience Approach Considering Regulatory Requirements and Project Design Essentials to Optimize Timelines Bringing Value to Project, Developer, and Consumer Hargrave, D., Bryant, G., Fraser, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Ocean Wind 1 Construction and Operations Plan Ocean Wind 1 Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions
Magnetic Field Limit and Potential Impact of Offshore Wind Farm Submarine Cables in Ecosystems Li, X., Chen, J., Zhan, H. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind EMF Fish
Joint responsibility in the development of effective wind-turbine collision-reducing solutions May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Dogger Bank D Offshore Wind Farm: Environmental Impact Assessment Scoping Report Royal Haskoning DHV Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
2023 North American State of the Bats Report Bat Conservation International Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats
Modeling migration and movement of gray bats Holliday, C., Wisby, J., Roby, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Offshore Wind Energy and Marine Biodiversity in the North Sea: Life Cycle Impact Assessment for Benthic Communities Li, C., Coolen, J., Scherer, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Physical Environment
Projected cross-shore changes in upwelling induced by offshore wind farm development along the California coast Raghukumar, K., Nelson, T., Jacox, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment
Large-scale effects of offshore wind farms on seabirds of high conservation concern Garthe, S., Schwemmer, H., Peschko, V. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Effective Stakeholder Engagement for Offshore Wind Energy Development: The State of New York's Fisheries and Environmental Technical Working Groups Brunbauer, M., Press, K., Williams, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae are attracted by low-frequency noise simulating that of operating offshore wind farms Cresci, A., Zhang, G., Durif, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Noise Fish, Pelagic Fish
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Digital Survey: First Semiannual Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative 6th Science and All Committees Meeting: 2022 Workshop Proceedings Field, P., Horii, S. Report Wind Energy Bats, Human Dimensions
Summary of Bats and Land-Based Wind Energy Development in the United States and Canada ECO Wind, Guest, E., Hein, C. Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
European offshore renewable energy, towards a sustainable future Soukissian, T., O’Hagan, A-M., Azzellino, A. Report Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Great Lakes Wind Energy Challenges and Opportunities Assessment Musial, W., Green, R., DeMeo, E. Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Social & Economic Data
Interactive Effects of Climate Change-Induced Range Shifts and Wind Energy Development on Future Economic Conditions of the Atlantic Surfclam Fishery Stromp, S., Scheld, A., Klinck, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Standardised and referenced acoustic monitoring reliably estimates bat fatalities at wind turbines: comments on 'Limitations of acoustic monitoring at wind turbines to evaluate fatality risk of bats' Behr, O., Barre, K., Bontadina, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
An integrated conceptual model to characterize the effects of offshore wind farms on ecosystem services Baulaz, Y., Mouchet, M., Niquil, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Public attitudes of offshore wind energy in Japan: An empirical study using choice experiments Iwata, K., Kyoi, S., Ushifusa, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Monitoring of geese in the territory of Integrated System for Protection of Birds, Winter 2022-2023 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitefield, P. Report Wind Energy Birds
Supporting National Environmental Policy Act Documentation for Offshore Wind Energy Development Related Offshore Aquifers Middleton, P., Barnhart, B. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
An ecological risk assessment for the impacts of offshore wind farms on birds in Australia Reid, K., Baker, G., Woehler, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Passerines, Seabirds
Comparing Atlantic Cod Temporal Spawning Dynamics across a Biogeographic Boundary: Insights from Passive Acoustic Monitoring Van Hoeck, R., Rowell, T., Dean, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Noise Fish, Demersal Fish
A matter of acceptability? Understanding citizen investment schemes in the context of onshore wind farm development Knauf, J., le Maitre, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Wind energy and noise: Forecasting the future sounds of wind energy projects and facilitating Dutch community participation Solman, H., Kirkegaard, J., Kloppenburg, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Forage Fish Species Prefer Habitat within Designated Offshore Wind Energy Areas in the U.S. Northeast Shelf Ecosystem Friedland, K., Adams, E., Goetsch, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Pelagic Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Behavioral effects of sound sources from offshore renewable energy construction on the black sea bass (Centropristis striata) and longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) Stanley, J., Caiger, P., Jones, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish
Technology Gaps for Marine Mammal Monitoring in Relation to Offshore Wind Development Courbis, S., Etter, H., Pacini, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Socio-political acceptability of floating offshore wind farms in France: challenges and perspectives for marine governance towards sustainability Fofack-Garcia, R., Mazé, C., Safi, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Windfarm collisions in medium-sized raptors: even increasing populations can suffer strong demographic impacts Duriez, O., Pilard, P., Saulnier, N. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
In the shadow of nuclear dependency: Competing pathways and the social acceptance of offshore wind energy in France Desvallées, L., de Sartre, X. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
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