Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Summer 2005 Breeding Birds Surveys at the Proposed Top Notch Wind Project in Fairfield and Norway, New York Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Tilting at Offshore Windmills: Regulating Wind Farm Development Within the Renewable Energy Zone Scott, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Modelled Cumulative Impacts on the White-Bellied Sea-Eagle of Wind Farms Across the Species' Australian Range Smales, I. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Seabirds, Raptors, Birds
Response of Offshore Cultivated Laminaria saccharina to Hydrodynamic Forcing in the North Sea Buck, B., Buchholz, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Human Dimensions
Ormonde Project Scoping Study for Coastal and Seabed Processes Coates, T., Skipper, C., Cranmer, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Survey Methods for Use in Assessment the Impacts of Onshore Wind Farms on Bird Communities Scottish Natural Heritage Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Fall 2005 Radar, Visual, and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Clayton Wind Project: Draft Report Woodlot Alternatives Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Raptors
Rhyl Flats Offshore Wind Farm Grab Survey Field Report Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd (CMACS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Gwynt y Môr Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement RWE Group Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
A Spring 2005 Radar, Visual, and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Deerfield Wind Project in Searsburg and Readsboro, Vermont Roy, R., Pelletier, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
A Fall 2005 Radar and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Deerfield Wind Project in Searsburg and Readsboro, Vermont Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Scroby Sands Seal Monitoring: Analysis of the 2005 Post-Construction Aerial Surveys Skeate, E., Perrow, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Guidance: Survey Methods for Use in Assessing the Impacts of Onshore Windfarms on Bird Communities Scottish Natural Heritage Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Baseline Studies North Sea Wind Farms: Fluxes, Flight Paths and Altitudes of Flying Birds 2003-2004 Krijgsveld, K., Lensink, R., Schekkerman, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds
Environmental effect studies – Status more than two years after the erection of Horns Rev and Nysted Offshore Wind Farms Boesen, C., Andersen, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Wake Effects of Large Offshore Wind Farms Identified from Satellite SAR Christiansen, M., Hasager, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
The Potential for Cooperative Management of Elasmobranchs and Offshore Renewable Energy Development in UK Waters Gill, A., Kimber, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Fish
Birds and Bats: Potential Impacts and Survey Techniques Global Energy Concepts Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Lingan 4MW Wind Power Project: Registration and Environmental Assessment Dillon Consulting Limited Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Results of Wildlife Movement Monitoring Using an Infrared Sensing Remote Camera Located Under Wind Turbine 7, Searsburg Wind Project During October 2005 Wallin, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Review Report 2004: The Danish Offshore Wind Farm Demonstration Project: Horns Rev and Nysted Offshore Wind Farms Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring Boesen, C., Kjær, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Battered by harsh winds - must bats pay the price for wind energy? Tuttle, M. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Attraction Bats
Rhyl Flats Offshore Wind Farm Beam Trawl Survey Report Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd (CMACS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Physical Environment
Modelled cumulative impacts on the Swift Parrot of wind farms across the species' range in south-eastern Australia Smales, I. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Avian and Bat Studies for the Proposed Dairy Hills Wind Project, Wyoming County, New York Young, D. Jr., Nations, C., Poulton, V. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Raptors
Post-Construction Results from The North Hoyle Offshore Wind Farm May, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Impacts on Wildlife and Government Responsibilities for Regulating Development and Protecting Wildlife Office, United States Government Accountability Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats
A Spring 2005 Radar, Visual, and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Clayton Wind Project in Clayton, New York Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Raptors, Waterfowl
Modelled Cumulative Impacts on the Tasmanian Wedge-Tailed Eagle of Wind Farms Across the Species' Range Muir, S., Smales, I. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
An Evaluation of the Wildlife Impacts of Offshore Wind Development Relative to Fossil Fuel Power Production Jarvis, C. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Fish, Birds
A Conservation Plan for Bats in Wyoming Hester, S., Grenier, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Offshore renewable energy: ecological implications of generating electricity in the coastal zone Gill, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes
Final Environmental Assessment, Burleigh County Wind Energy Center, Burleigh County, North Dakota FPL Energy Burleigh County Wind Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Bird Mortality at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: March 1998 - September 2001 Smallwood, K., Thelander, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Avian Monitoring and Risk Assessment at the San Gorgonio Wind Resource Area Anderson, R., Tom, J., Neumann, N. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Seabirds, Raptors, Passerines, Birds, Bats
Avian Collision and Electrocution Risk Reduction Adaptive Management Plan for the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
COWRIE 1.5 The Potential Effects of Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Sub-Sea Power Cables Associated with Offshore Wind Farm Developments on Electrically and Magnetically Sensitive Marine Organisms - A Review Gill, A., Gloyne-Philips, I., Neal, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Effects of the Nysted Offshore Wind Farm on Harbour Porpoises Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J., Teilmann, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Wind Farms and Birds: Interim Standards For Risk Assessment Brett Lane & Associates Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Avian Collision Risk at an Offshore Wind Farm Desholm, M., Kahlert, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Avoidance Waterfowl, Birds
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