Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Concurrent and legacy impacts from establishing a marine energy sector in Scotland: a computable general equilibrium analysis Allan, G., Stallard, T., Swales, K. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Wind Farm Related Mortality Among Avian Migrants - A Remote Sensing Study and Model Analysis Desholm, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Analysis of Effects of Wind Turbine Generator Array for the Alternative Site of the Cape Wind Energy Project Swanson, C., Subbayya, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Horns Rev 2 Offshore Wind Farm EIA Report: Benthic Communities Leonhard, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm II: EIA Report Fish Jensen, B., Klaustrup, M., Skov, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fish, Environmental Impact Assessment
Biological Effects of Repowering a Portion of the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California: The Diablo Winds Energy Project Smallwood, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Effects of Offshore Wind Farm Noise on Marine Mammals and Fish Tomsen, F., Lüdemann, K., Kafemann, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
Scroby Sands Offshore Wind Farm - Coastal Processes Monitoring Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Final Report on the Effect of Nysted Offshore Wind Farm on Harbour Porpoises Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J., Bech, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Assessing Significance of Impacts from Onshore Windfarms on Birds Outwith Designated Areas Scottish Natural Heritage Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Breeding bird habitat use and turbine collisions of birds and bats located at a wind farm in Oklahoma mixed-grass prairie Piorkowski, M. Thesis Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Bird and Bat Interactions With Wind Turbines Castle River Wind Farm, Alberta, 2001-2002 Brown, W., Hamilton, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Bird and Bat Species and Risks to Diurnal Migrants on the Clipper Windpower Criterion Project, Backbone Mountain, Garrett County, Maryland Gates, J., Kerns, J., Lott, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Acoustic and Geophysical Measurement of Infrasound from Wind Farm Turbines Hepburn, H. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
Bird Movements and Behaviors in the Gulf Coast Region: Relation to Potential Wind-Energy Developments Morrison, M. Report Wind Energy Habitat Change, Collision Birds
Rhyl Flats Offshore Wind Farm Development: Seabed Comparison npower renewables Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Wind Farm Noise Assessment in Australia and Model Comparison Tickell, C. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
Bird Sensitivity Map to Provide Locational Guidance for Onshore Wind Farms in Scotland Bright, J., Langston, R., Bullman, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Development of Regulatory Requirements for Wind Turbines in Alberta DeGagne, D., Lewis, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
The Trend of Golden Eagle Territory Occupancy in the Vicinity of the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: 2005 Survey Hunt, G., Hunt, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
A Review of Goose Collisions at Operating Wind Farms and Estimation of the Goose Avoidance Rate Fernley, J., Lowther, S., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Benthic Communities at Horns Rev Before, During and After Construction of Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm: Final Report Vattenfall Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Cape Wind SSCS Installation Bazzoni, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Aerial Surveys of Waterbirds in Strategic Wind Farm Areas Bloor, P., Wratten, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Hydro-Acoustic Monitoring of Fish Communities at Offshore Wind Farms Hvidt, C., Leonhard, S., Klaustrup, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Pelagic Fish
Ultrasound Emissions from Wind Turbines as a Potential Attractant to Bats: A Preliminary Investigation Szewczak, J., Arnett, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Proposed Yarram Wind Farm Bird Utilisation Survey Al-Dabbagh, K., Lane, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
An Assessment of Potential Direct and Indirect Impacts to Black Bear at the Proposed Deerfield Wind Farm Based Upon a Literature Review Parsons, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals
Changing wind-power landscapes: regional assessment of visual impact on land use and population in Northern Jutland, Denmark Moller, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Draft Guidelines for the Review and Evaluation of Potential Natural Resources Impacts from Utility-Scale Wind Energy Facilities in Vermont Moore, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Diablo Winds Wildlife Monitoring Progress Report, March 2005 - February 2006 Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Final Report on Aerial Monitoring of Seals near Nysted Offshore Wind Farm Teilmann, J., Carstensen, J., Dietz, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Review of the Current State of Knowledge on the Environmental Impacts of the Location, Operation and Removal/Disposal of Offshore Wind-Farms OSPAR Commission Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Avian Monitoring Study and Risk Assessment for the Shiloh Wind Power Project Solano County, California Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Wilkerson, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Post-Construction Avian and Bat Fatality Monitoring Study for the High Winds Wind Power Project Solano County, California: Two Year Report Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Culp, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Birds, Bats
Radio Telemetry as a Tool for Impact Assessment of Wind Farms: The Case of Little Terns Sterna albifrons at Scroby Sands, Norfolk, UK Perrow, M., Skeate, E., Lines, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
The Effect of Avoidance Rates on Bird Mortality Predictions Made by Wind Turbine Collision Risk Models Chamberlain, D., Rehfisch, M., Fox, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Waterfowl, Seabirds, Raptors, Birds
Bird Migration Studies and Potential Collision Risk with Offshore Wind Turbines Hüppop, O., Dierschke, J., Exo, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Passerines
Remote Techniques for Counting and Estimating the Number of Bird-Wind Turbine Collisions at Sea: A Review Desholm, M., Fox, A., Beasley, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Information Needs to Support Environmental Impact Assessments of the Effects of European Marine Offshore Wind Farms on Birds Fox, A., Desholm, M., Kahlert, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
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