Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Offshore Windmills and the Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Fish Öhman, M., Sigray, P., Westerberg, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish
Wind Turbines and Sensitive Bird Populations: A Spatial Planning Guide for On-Shore Wind Farm Developments in Cumbria Youngs, T., Shackleton, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Swimming Behavior of Roach (Rutilus rutilus) and Three-spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in Response to Wind Power Noise and Single-tone Frequencies Andersson, M., Dock-Åkerman, E., Ubral-Hedenberg, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish
Klondike III Wind Project: Habitat Mitigation Plan Oregon Department of Energy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Probability of Impact Workshop National Wind Coordinating Collaborative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Assessing Impacts of Wind-Energy Development on Nocturnally Active Birds and Bats: A Guidance Document Kunz, T., Arnett, E., Cooper, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Estimating Wind Turbine Caused Bird Mortality Smallwood, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Robin Rigg Monitoring Cable Route Benthic Macro-Invertebrate Data Reports: 2007-2011 Entec Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment
Modelling Total Numbers and Distribution of Common Scoter Melanitta nigra at Horns Rev Petersen, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Waterfowl, Birds
Bat Species Composition and Activity at the Proposed Glen Dhu Wind Development Site, Pictou County, Nova Scotia Broders, H., Henderson, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Risk management model of birds and a wind farm Shimada, Y., Matsuda, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Sustainability and Environmental Impact of Renewable Energy Sources Hester, R., Harrison, R. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Wind Power Siting, Incentives, and Wildlife Guidelines in the United States Stemler, J. Report Wind Energy
London Array Offshore Wind Farm Project - Ecological Mitigation and Management Plan Proudler, T., Henson, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Critical Literature Review Impact of Wind Energy and Related Human Activities on Grassland and Shrub-Steppe Birds Mabey, S., Paul, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for Alternative Energy Development and Production and Alternate Use of Facilities on the Outer Continental Shelf US Minerals Management Service (MMS), US Department of the Interior (DOI) Report Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Breeding and Overland Flight of Red- Throated Divers (Gavia stellata) at Smøla, Norway, in relation to the Smøla wind farm Halley, D., Hopshaug, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Waterfowl
Further Use of Aerial Surveys to Detect Bird Displacement by Offshore Windfarms Maclean, I., Skov, H., Rehfisch, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Spring 2007 Radar, Visual, and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Windpark in Coos County, New Hampshire by Granite Reliable Power, LLC Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Fall 2006 Radar Surveys of Nighttime Migration Activity at the Proposed Windpark in Coos County, New Hampshire by Granite Reliable Power, LLC Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Seabird Survey Programme Findings, Humber Gateway Windfarm University of Hull Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Acoustic Techniques for Wind Turbine Blade Monitoring Burnham, K., Pierce, S. Book Chapter Wind Energy
Valuing Public Preferences for Offshore Wind Power: A Choice Experimental Approach Krueger, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Trial High Definition Video Survey of Seabirds Mellor, M., Craig, T., Baillie, D. Report Wind Energy Seabirds, Birds
Post-Construction Avian Monitoring Study for the Shiloh I Wind Power Project Solano County, California Year One Final Report Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Culp, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Passerines, Birds, Bats
Assessment and Costs of Potential Engineering Solutions for the Mitigation of the Impacts of Underwater Noise Arising from the Construction of Offshore Windfarms Nehls, G., Betke, K., Eckelmann, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Offshore Wind Farms: Their Impacts, and Potential Habitat Gains as Artificial Reefs, in Particular for Fish Wilson, J. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Fish
Migration of Bats Past a Remote Island Offers Clues toward the Problem of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines Cryan, P., Brown, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats
Prairie Winds: Migrating Bats & Wind Energy in Canada Baerwald, E. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Wind Turbine Noise and Meteorological Influences Ramakrishnan, R., Sylvestre-Williams, N. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
Patterns of Pre-Construction Bat Activity at a Proposed Wind Facility in Northwest Massachusetts: 2006 Annual Report Arnett, E., Huso, M., Reynolds, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats
California Guidelines for Reducing Impacts to Birds and Bats from Wind Energy Development Anderson, R., Sanders, S., Flint, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Impacts of Wind Energy Facilities on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat Arnett, E., Inkley, D., Johnson, D. Report Wind Energy Habitat Change
Nygårdsfjellet Wind Park, Phase 2. Studies of Spring Migrating Birds Jacobsen, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Intention to respond to local wind turbines: the role of attitudes and visual perception Johansson, M., Laike, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Potential Use of Population Viability Analysis to Assess the Impact of Offshore Windfarms on Bird Populations Maclean, I., Frederiksen, M., Rehfisch, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Waterfowl, Seabirds, Birds
Ecological Baseline Studies for the Hatchet Ridge Wind Energy Project, Shasta County, California Young, D. Jr., Johnson, G., Poulton, V. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Ecological Effects of Wind-Energy Development National Resource Council Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision
Impacts of Wind-Energy Development on Humans National Research Council of the National Academies (NRC) Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects National Research Council of the National Academies (NRC) Book Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
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