Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Bats: Questions, Research Needs, and Hypotheses Kunz, T., Arnett, E., Erickson, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats
Wind Energy Development and Wildlife Conservation: Challenges and Opportunities Kuvlesky, W. Jr., Brennan, L., Morrison, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Physical Environment, Birds
Burrowing Owl Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Smallwood, K., Thelander, C., Morrison, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
First records of dead bats (Chiroptera) from wind farms in Croatia Zagmajster, M., Jancar, T., Mlakar, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Assessment of the Potential for Acoustic Deterrents to Mitigate the Impact on Marine Mammals of Underwater Noise Arising from the Construction of Offshore Windfarms Gordon, J., Thompson, D., Gillespie, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Worldwide Synthesis and Analysis of Existing Information Regarding Environmental Effects of Alternative Energy Uses on the Outer Continental Shelf Michel, J., Dunagan, H., Boring, C. Report Wind Energy, Wave, OTEC, Fixed Offshore Wind, Ocean Current, Marine Energy Habitat Change
Decommissioning Programme for Hywind Scotland Pilot Park Statoil Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Bats and Offshore Wind Turbines Studied in Southern Scandinavia Ahlén, I., Bach, L., Baagøe, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats
Results of Bat and Bird Mortality Monitoring at the Expanded Buffalo Mountain Windfarm, 2005 Fiedler, J., Henry, T., Tankersley, R. Jr. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Passerines, Birds, Bats
Annual Report for the Maple Ridge Wind Power Project Post-construction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2006 Jain, A., Kerlinger, P., Curry, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Potential Impact of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy Wind Turbine on Common (Sterna hirundo) and Roseate (S. dougallii) Terns Vlietstra, L. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Seabirds
Potential Impact of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy Wind Turbine on Common and Roseate Terns Vlietstra, L. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Seabirds
Ecological Baseline Studies Report Proposed Dry Lake Wind Project, Navajo County, Arizona Young, D. Jr., Poulton, V., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Ecosystem Processes
Wind Turbines and Birds in Flanders (Belgium): Preliminary Summary of the Mortality Research Results Everaert, J., Kuijken, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
The Measurement of the Underwater Radiated Noise from Marine Piling Including Characterisation of a "Soft Start" Period Robinson, S., Lepper, P., Ablitt, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Robin Rigg Monitoring Windfarm Site Benthic Macro Invertebrate Data Reports: 2007-2011 Entec Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment
The Possible Effects of Wind Energy on Illinois Birds and Bats Illinois Department of Natural Resources Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Waterfowl, Raptors, Birds, Bats
Wind Power and Birds at Smøla 2003-2006 Follestad, A., Flagstad, Ø., Nygård, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Rhyl Flats Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Statement (Version 1.4) npower renewables Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Developing Field and Analytical Methods to Assess Avian Collision Risk at Wind Farms Band, W., Madders, M., Whitfield, D. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Gunfleet Sands 2 Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement RPS group Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Birds and Wind Farms: Risk Assessment and Mitigation de Lucas, M., Janss, G., Ferrer, M. Book Wind Energy Birds, Bats
Effects of Wind Turbines on Flight Behaviour of Wintering Common Eiders: Implications for Habitat Use and Collision Risk Larsen, J., Guillemette, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Sound and Cetaceans: A Regional Response to Regulating Acoustic Marine Pollution Scott, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
The Potential Compatibility of Offshore Wind Power and Fisheries: An Example using Bluefin Tuna in the Adriatic Sea Fayram, A., Risi, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Biglow Canyon Wind Farm: Wildlife Monitoring and Mitigation Plan Portland General Electric Company, Oregon Department of Energy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Wind farms' deadly reputation hard to shift Marris, E., Fairless, D. Magazine Article Wind Energy Birds
Biglow Canyon Wind Farm: Habitat Mitigation Plan Portland General Electric Company, Oregon Department of Energy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Nocturnal Behavior of Raptors at Wind Energy Facilities Castle, J. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
COWRIE Workshop on the Cumulative Impact of Offshore Windfarms on Birds Norman, T., Buisson, R., Askew, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Rhyl Flats Offshore Wind Farm Benthic Trawl Survey 2006 Monitoring Report Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd (CMACS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Life Cycle Assessment and Emergy Synthesis of Theoretical Offshore Wind Farm for Jacksonville, Florida Dolan, S. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Rhyl Flats Offshore Wind Farm Benthic Grab Survey 2006 Monitoring Report Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd (CMACS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Community perspectives of wind energy in Australia: The application of a justice and community fairness framework to increase social acceptance Gross, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept Wüstenhagen, R., Wolsink, M., Bürer, M. J. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Wildlife and Habitat Baseline Study for the Whiskey Ridge Wind Power Project, Kittitas County, Washington Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Delivering Community Benefits from Wind Energy Development: A Toolkit Hassan, G., Capener, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Belwind Environmental Impact Study: Non-Technical Summary De Sutter, R., Volckaet, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries
Rhyl Flats Offshore Wind Farm Baseline Report Fish & Fisheries Lockwood, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
MER Offshore Windmolenpark Bligh Bank Belwind NV De Sutter, R., Volckaet, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries
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