Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6408
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Searches for Dead Birds in Smøla Wind-Power Plant Area 2012: Annual Report Reitan, O. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Experimental study of the impact of large-scale wind farms on land–atmosphere exchanges Zhang, W., Markfort, C., Porte-Agel, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment
Pennsylvania Game Commission Wind Energy Voluntary Cooperation Agreement Third Summary Report Taucher, J., Mumma, T., Capouillez, W. Report Wind Energy
Effect of wind energy development on breeding duck densities in the Prairie Pothole Region Loesch, C., Walker, J., Reynolds, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement Waterfowl, Birds
Is a German Harbour Porpoise Much More Sensitive than a British One? Comparative Analyses of Mandatory Measures for the Protection of Harbour Porposes (Phocoena phocoena) During Offshore Wind Farm Ramming in Germany, Denmark and the UK Luedeke, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Identifying migrant waterfowl and waterbird stopovers to inform wind energy development siting within Saginaw Bay Monfils, M., Gehring, J. Report Wind Energy Collision, Displacement Birds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Potential Impacts of Ocean Energy Development on Marine Mammals in Oregon Davis, A. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Three Acoustic Monitoring Techniques for Landscape Level Bat Population Monitoring Whitby, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Public acceptance of offshore wind power: does perceived fairness of process matter? Firestone, J., Kempton, W., Lilley, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Summer Distribution of Semi-Domesticated Reindeer Relative to a New Wind-Power Plant Colman, J., Eftestol, S., Tsegaye, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance
The avian and wildlife costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power Sovacool, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Birds, Bats
Turbine Sound May Influence the Metamorphosis Behaviour of Estuarine Crab Megalopae Pine, M., Jeffs, A., Radford, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Invertebrates
Artificial Reef Effect in Relation to Offshore Renewable Energy Conversion: State of the Art Langhamer, O. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Physical Environment
Negative Long Term Effects on Harbour Porpoises from a Large Scale Offshore Wind Farm in the Baltic - Evidence of Slow Recovery Teilmann, J., Carstensen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Negative long term effects on harbour porpoises from a large scale offshore wind farm in the Baltic—evidence of slow recovery Teilmann, J., Carstensen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Assessment of bat and avian mortality at a pilot wind turbine at Coega, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa Doty, A., Martin, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Is a Wind-Power Plant Acting as a Barrier for Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) Movements? Colman, J., Efestol, S., Tsegaye, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance
Rampion Offshore Wind: Non-Technical Summary RSK Group Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
A Preliminary Overview of Monitoring for Raptors in Sweden Hellstrom, P., Helander, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
A Preliminary Overview of Monitoring for Raptors in Croatia Mazal, V., Mikulic, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Bat Fatalities at Wind Farms in North-Eastern Greece Georgiakakis, P., Kret, E., Carcamo, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Attraction Bats
Regional Analysis of Wind Turbine-caused Bat and Bird Fatality: Final Report Drake, D., Schumacher, S., Sponsler, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Evaluation of the DTBird Video-System at the Smøla Wind-Power Plant: Detection Capabilities for Capturing Near-Turbine Avian Behaviour May, R., Hamre, Ø., Vang, R. Report Wind Energy Collision Birds
Bird and Bat Collision Risks & Wind Energy Facilities Willmott, J., Allison Costello, E., Gordon, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
An Overview of Monitoring for Raptors in Ireland Mee, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Special framework for the spatial planning & the sustainable development of renewable energy sources Baltas, A., Dervos, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
Modelling of Pile Driving Noise by Means of Wavenumber Integration Lippert, T., Lippert, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Wind Energy Myths European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) Presentation Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Summary of Environment Impact of Renewable Energy Resources Zhu, J., Cheung, K. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Birds, Fish
An Overview of Monitoring for Raptors in Bulgaria Spasov, S., Arkumarev, V., Dobrev, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Birds
Mohave County Wind Farm Eagle Conservation Plan and Bird Conservation Strategy Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Factors Influencing Bat Activity and Mortality at a Wind Farm in the Mediterranean Region Amorim, F., Rebelo, H., Rodrigues, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Horns Rev 2 Offshore Wind Farm Bird Monitoring Program 2010-2012 Skov, H., Leonhard, S., Heinänen, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Birds
Strategic Joint Industry Project No.1: Bird avoidance behavior and collision impact monitoring at Offshore Windfarms Marine Scotland Science, Scottish Government, UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
The economics of visual disamenity reductions of offshore wind farms—Review and suggestions from an emerging field Ladenburg, J., Lutzeyer, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Visual Impacts, Human Dimensions
Rampion Offshore Wind: Environmental Statement E.ON Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Wind Energy Facts European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) Presentation Wind Energy
Fly-and-Forage Strategy in the Bat Pipistrellus nathusii During Autumn Migration Suba, J., Petersons, G., Rydell, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Searchlight Wind Energy Project US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
D2.4 Collation of Off‐shore Wind‐Wave Dynamics Bredmose, H., Larsen, S., Matha, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
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