Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Effects on Birds of an Offshore Wind Park at Horns Rev: Environmental Impact Assessment Noer, H., Christensen, T., Clausager, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Studying Wind Energy/Bird Interactions: A Guidance Document Anderson, R., Morrison, M., Sinclair, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Baseline Avian Use and Behavior at the CARES Wind Plant Site, Klickitat County, Washington: Final Report Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Nocturnal flight activity of sea ducks near the windfarm Tunø Knob in the Kattegat Tulp, I., Schekkerman, H., Larsen, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Argyll Bird Report Maguire, E. Report Seabirds, Birds
Effects of Wind Turbines on Upland Nesting Birds in Conservation Reserve Program Grasslands Leddy, K., Higgins, K., Naugle, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Passerines
Status of the U.S. Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory Avian Research Program Sinclair, K. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
An Evaluation of the Impact of the Alameda County/Land Owner Ground Squirrel Management Program on Squirrel Abundance, Raptor Use, and Raptor Fatalities: A status report Kerlinger, P., Curry, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Birds
A Population Study of Golden Eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Population Trend Analysis 1994-1997 Hunt, W., Jackman, R., Hunt, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Behaviour of migrating birds exposed to X-band radar and a bright light beam Bruderer, B., Peter, D., Steuri, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Lighting, EMF Birds
Using Marine Surveillance Radar to Study Bird Movements and Impact Assessment Harmata, A., Podruzny, K., Zelenak, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Environmental Assessment: Expanded Ponnequin Wind Energy Project, Weld County, Colorado US Department of Energy (DOE) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Assessing the Impact of the Tunø Knob Wind Park on Sea Ducks: The Influence of Food Resources Guillemette, M., Larsen, J., Clausager, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Studying wind energy/bird interactions: A guidance document. Metrics and methods for determining or monitoring potential impacts on birds at existing and proposed wind energy sites Anderson, R., Morrison, M., Sinclair, K. Book Wind Energy Birds
Avian Risk and Fatality Protocol Morrison, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Avian Use of Norris Hill Wind Resource Area, Montana Harmata, A., Podruzny, K., Zelenak, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Applications of Acoustic Bird Monitoring for the Wind Power Industry Evans, W. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Impact Assessment of an Off-shore Wind Park on Sea Ducks Guillemette, M., Larsen, J., Clausager, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Waterfowl
Bird Flight Characteristics Near Wind Turbines in Minnesota Osborn, R., Dieter, C., Higgins, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Passerines, Waterfowl
Predicting the Response of Bird Populations to Wind Energy-Related Deaths Morrison, M., Pollock, K., Oberg, A. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Ecosystem Processes
Nocturnal Flight Patterns and Altitudes of Diving Ducks in the IJsselmeer Area Dirksen, S., Spaans, A., Winden, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Waterfowl, Birds
Altamont Avian Plan: Status Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service By the Consortium of Altamont Owners Richard Curry Associates Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
The Influence of High Ground Squirrel Densities on the Occurrence of Golden Eagles on Altamont Ownership Consortium Property Hunt, G., Culp, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Birds
Addendum to Final: Seawest/KENETECH Windfarm Development Comparison, Carbon County, Wyoming TRC Mariah Associates Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Development of a Practical Modeling Framework for Estimating the Impact of Wind Technology on Bird Populations Morrison, M., Pollack, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Population Study of Golden Eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Second-Year Progress Report Predatory Bird Research Group Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Assessing Impacts to Birds from the Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota Windplant Development Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
Overview of the U.S. Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory Avian Research Program Sinclair, K., Morrison, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Bird Disturbance: Improving the Quality and Utility of Disturbance Research Hill, D., Hockin, D., Price, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds
Avian Mortality at Rotor Swept Area Equivalents, Altamont Pass and Montezuma Hills, California Howell, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Bird Mortality at Rotor Swept Area Equivalents, Altamont Pass and Montezuma Hills, California Howell, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Windfarm Design in the Light of Previous Experience Lloyd, A. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Effects of Wind Turbines on Nesting Raptors at Buffalo Ridge in Southwestern Minnesota Usgaard, R., Naugle, D., Osborn, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Effect of Tunø Knob Windpark on Birds Guillemette, M., Larsen, J., Clausager, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Using a Collision Model to Design Safer Wind Turbine Rotors for Birds Tucker, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
A Mathematical Model of Bird Collisions With Wind Turbine Rotors Tucker, V. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Collision Course: The Hazards of Lighted Structures and Windows to Migrating Birds Ogden, L. Report Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Lighting Birds
A Continued Examination of Avian Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Orloff, S., Flannery, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Wingbeat Frequency of Birds in Steady Cruising Flight: New Data and Improved Predictions Pennycuick, C. Journal Article Birds
Bird Casualties Caused by a Wind Energy Project in an Estuary Musters, C., Noordervliet, M., terKeurs, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Seabirds, Birds
Displaying 2401 - 2440 of 2478 results