Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Billia Croo Environmental Statement Carl Bro Group Report Marine Energy, Wave Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Evaluating the Coastal Environment for Marine Birds Wanless, S., Bacon, P., Harris, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Physical Environment
Avian Hearing and the Avoidance of Wind Turbines Dooling, R. Report Wind Energy Noise, Avoidance Birds
Response of Red-Tailed Hawks and Golden Eagles to Topographical Features, Weather, and Abundance of a Dominant Prey Species at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California: April 1999-December 2000 Hoover, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Postdevelopment Experiments to Detect Anthropogenic Disturbances: The Case of Sea Ducks and Wind Parks Guillemette, M., Larsen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Waterfowl, Birds
Searcher Bias and Scavenging Rates in Bird/Wind Energy Studies Morrison, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Ecological Baseline Study for the Zintel Canyon Wind Project Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Raptors
Baseline Ecological Studies for the Klondike Wind Project, Sherman County, Oregon Johnson, G., Erickson, W., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
Robin Rigg Environmental Statement Natural Power Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Demonstration Windpower Project St. Lawrence Bird Surveys Jacques Whitford Environment Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
An Assessment of the Impacts of Green Mountain Power Corporation's Wind Power Facility on Breeding and Migrating Birds in Searsburg, Vermont: July 1996-July 1998 Kerlinger, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Passerines, Birds
Predicting the Displacement of Common Scoter Melanitta nigra from Benthic Feeding Areas Due to Offshore Windfarms Kaiser, M., Elliott, A., Galanidi, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Waterfowl
Phase I Avian Risk Assessment for the Flat Rock Wind Power Project, Lewis County, New York Kerlinger, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Golden Eagles in a Multiple Land-Use Environment: A Case Study in Conflict Management Madders, M., Walker, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Biology and Conservation of the Common Murre in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Volume 1: Natural History and Population Trends Manuwal, D., Carter, H., Zimmerman, T. Report Birds, Seabirds
Recommendations for project-related studies of possible impacts of marine wind farms during construction and operation on birds Hüppop, O., Exo, K., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Potential Wind Park Impacts on Whooper Swans in Winter: The Risk of Collision Larsen, J., Clausen, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Novar Windfarm Ltd Ornithological Monitoring Studies: Breeding Bird and Birdstrike Monitoring 2001 Results & 5-Year Review Bioscan Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Mature Areas of the Offshore North Sea SEA2 UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Report Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Human Dimensions
Avian Collisions with Wind Turbines: A Summary of Existing Studies and Comparisons to Other Sources of Avian Collision Mortality in the United States Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Speeds and Wingbeat Frequencies of Migrating Birds Compared with Calculated Benchmarks Pennycuick, C. Journal Article Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Status of Avian Research at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Sinclair, K. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Proceedings of the National Avian - Wind Power Planning Meeting IV NWCC Avian Subcommittee Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Wind farm development and nature conservation A guidance document for nature conservation organisations and developers when consulting over wind farm proposals in England Harley, M., Drewitt, A., Gilliland, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Automated Systems for Monitoring Avian Interactions with Utility Structures and Evaluating the Effectiveness of Mitigative Measures Carlton, R., Harness, R. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Untersuchungen zum einfluss der errichtung und des betriebs von windenergieanlagen auf vögel im binnenland Bergen, F. Thesis Wind Energy Birds
Assessment of the Effects of Offshore Wind in Birds Percival, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Characteristics of Avian Mortality at a North Florida Television Tower: A 29-Year Study Engstrom, R., Crawford, R. Journal Article Habitat Change Birds, Passerines
Effects of Wind Turbines and Other Physical Elements on Field Utilization by Pink-Footed Geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): A Landscape Perspective Larsen, J., Madsen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Waterfowl, Birds
Wildlife Monitoring Studies: SeaWest Windpower Project, Carbon County, Wyoming: 1995-1999 Johnson, G., Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Shorebirds, Raptors, Birds, Bats
Proceedings of the National Avian - Wind Power Planning Meeting III LGL Ltd Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Avian Risk Behavior and Fatalities at the Altamont Wind Resource Area: March 1998 to February 1999 Thelander, C., Rugge, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
The Effect of Local Weather Conditions on Bird-Aircraft Collisions at British Airports Manktelow, S. Conference Paper Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Birds
Ponnequin Wind Energy Project: Reference Site Avian Study Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Ryder, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Passerines, Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Final Report: avian and bat mortality associated with the Vansycle wind project Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Avian and Bat Mortality Associated with the Vansycle Wind Project, Umatilla County, Oregon 1999 Study Year Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Windfarms and Birds: Calculating a Theoretical Collision Risk Assuming No Avoiding Action Band, W. Report Wind Energy Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Birds
Bird Mortality Associated with Wind Turbines at the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area, Minnesota Osborn, R., Higgins, K., Usgaard, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Effects on Birds of an Offshore Wind Park at Horns Rev: Environmental Impact Assessment Noer, H., Christensen, T., Clausager, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Avian Monitoring and Risk Assessment at Tehachapi Pass and San Gorgonio Pass Wind Resource Areas, California: Phase 1 Preliminary Results Anderson, R., Strickland, D., Tom, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Birds, Raptors
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