Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Bird Mortality at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: March 1998 - September 2001 Smallwood, K., Thelander, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Wind Farms and Birds: Interim Standards For Risk Assessment Brett Lane & Associates Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Flight-Call and their Value for Future Ornithological Studies and Conservation Research Farnsworth, A. Journal Article Birds, Passerines
Avian Collision Risk at an Offshore Wind Farm Desholm, M., Kahlert, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Avoidance Waterfowl, Birds
Bird Strikes and Electrocutions at Power Lines, Communication Towers, and Wind Turbines: State of the Art and State of the Science - Next Steps Toward Mitigation Manville, A. Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision Birds
A Summary and Comparison of Bird Mortality from Anthropogenic Causes with an Emphasis on Collisions Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Young, D. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Assessment of Avian Mortality from Collisions and Electrocutions Dorin, M., Speigel, L., McKinney, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Wind Turbines and Birds: A Background Review for Environmental Assessment Kingsley, A., Whittam, B. Report Wind Energy Birds, Bats
Proceedings of Wind Energy and Wildlife: The Good, the Bad... the Possible Kathy, B., MacGregor, G., Grodner, S. Report Wind Energy Birds, Ecosystem Processes
Birds and Windfarms: What are the Real Issues? Percival, S. Magazine Article Wind Energy Raptors, Birds
Phase I Avian Risk Assessment: Clayton Wind Farm Jefferson County, New York Kerlinger, P., Guarnaccia, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Birds
Phase I Avian Risk Assessment: Herkimer Wind Farm Herkimer County, New York Kerlinger, P., Guarnaccia, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Fall 2004 Avian Migration Surveys at the Proposed Deerfield Wind/Searsburg Expansion Project in Searsburg and Readsboro, Vermont Roy, R., Pelletier, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
Partial Re-Assessment of an Adaptive management Plan for the APWRA: Accounting for Turbine Size Smallwood, S., Spiegel, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions, Birds
A Radar and Visual Study of Nocturnal Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Flat Rock Wind Power Project, New York, Fall 2004 Mabee, T., Plissner, J., Cooper, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Passerines
A radar and visual study of nocturnal bird and bat migration at the proposed Prattsburgh-Italy wind power project, New York, spring 2005 Mabee, T., Plissner, J., Cooper, B. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Proceedings of the Onshore Wildlife Interactions with Wind Developments: Research Meeting V Schwartz, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Melancthon Grey Wind Project Environmental Screening Report Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Assessment to Support an Adaptive Management Plan for the APWRA Smallwood, S., Speigel, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions
Scroby Sands Ornithological Monitoring: Assessing the potential impact of the proposed wind farm upon Little tern Sterna albifrons: the construction phase 2004 Perrow, M., Skeate, E., Tomlinson, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Behavior of Red-Tailed Hawks in a Wind Turbine Development Hoover, S., Morrison, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Advancing Migratory Bird Conservation and Management by Using Radar: An Interagency Collaboration Ruth, J., Barrow, W., Sojda,R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Bird and Bat Behavior and Mortality at a Northern Iowa Windfarm Jain, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Preliminary Investigations of Bird-Turbine Collisions at Nysted Offshore Wind Farm and Final Quality Control of Thermal Animal Detection System (TADS) Desholm, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Avoidance Waterfowl, Seabirds, Birds
TADS Investigations of Avian Collision Risk at Nysted Offshore Wind Farm Desholm, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Waterfowl, Seabirds, Passerines, Birds
Resident Golden Eagle Ranging Behaviour Before and After Construction of a Windfarm in Argyll Walker, D., McGrady, M., McCluskie, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Bird Numbers and Distributions in the Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm Area Petersen, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Effects of Wind Turbines on Bird Abundance: Systematic Review Stewart, G., Pullin, A., Coles, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
The Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Bird Life in Southern Kalmar Sound, Sweden Pettersson, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Waterfowl, Birds
Assessment And Prediction Of Bird And Bat Mortality At Wind Energy Facilities In The Southeastern United States Nicholson, C., Tankersley, R. Jr., Fielder, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Raptors
Ecology and Demography of Bicknell's Thrush on East Mountain, East Haven, Vermont: Evaluating Potential Impacts of Wind Turbine Construction Rimmer, C., Faccio, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
Repowering the APWRA: Forecasting and Minimizing Avian Mortality without Significant Loss of Power Generation Smallwood, K., Neher, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Stateline Wind Project Wildlife Monitoring Final Report: July 2001 - December 2003 Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Kronner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
WT-Bird: Bird Collision Recording for Offshore Wind Farms Wiggelinkhuizen, E., Rademakers, L., Barhorst, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Wind Turbine Interactions with Birds and Bats: A Summary of Research Results and Remaining Questions National Wind Coordinating Collaborative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Wind Farm Planning at the Gulf of Suez Clausen, N., Mortensen, N., Hansen, J. Report Wind Energy Birds
Effects of Wind Farms on Birds Langston, R., Pullan, J. Book Wind Energy Birds
Nocturnal Bird Migration in Northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington Mabee, T., Cooper, B. Journal Article Birds, Passerines, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Bird and Bat Monitoring at the McBride Lake Wind Farm, Alberta 2003-2004 Brown, W., Hamilton, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Avian Monitoring and Risk Assessment at the Tehachapi Pass Wind Resource Area: Period of Performance: October 2, 1996 - May 27, 1998 Anderson, R., Newmann, N., Tom, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Displaying 2241 - 2280 of 2478 results