Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Results of Wildlife Movement Monitoring Using an Infrared Sensing Remote Camera Located Under Wind Turbine 7, Searsburg Wind Project April-November 2006 Wallin, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Passerines, Terrestrial Mammals
Nocturnal Bird Migration Over an Appalachian Ridge at a Proposed Wind Power Project Mabee, T., Cooper, B., Plissner, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
The impact of repowering of wind farms on birds and bats Hötker, H. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Fate of Unproductive and Unattractive Habitats: Recent Changes in Iberian Steppes and their Effects on Endangered Avifauna Laiolo, P., Tella, J. Journal Article Habitat Change Passerines, Birds
Use of Aerial Surveys to Detect Bird Displacement by Offshore Windfarms Maclean, I., Skov, H., Rehfisch, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Long-tailed Duck Report, Winter 2005-2006 ESS Group Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Potential Impacts to Predator-Prey Relationships as a Result of the Proposed Cape Wind Project in Nantucket Sound ESS Group Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals
2006 Rare Bird Survey at the Proposed Clayton Wind Project in Clayton, New York Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Monitoring of Bird and Bat Collisions with Wind Turbines at the Summerview Wind Power Project, Alberta 2005-2006 Brown, W., Hamilton, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
The Potential Effects on Birds arising from the Onshore Infrastructure of the Proposed Greater Gabbard Offshore Wind Farm Burton, N., Holloway, S., Thewlis, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Wind Farm Related Mortality Among Avian Migrants - A Remote Sensing Study and Model Analysis Desholm, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Deriving Collision Avoidance Rates for Red Kites Milvus milvus Whitfield, D., Madders, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
The Effects of Wind Turbines on Antipredator Behavior in California Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) Rabin, L., Coss, R., Owings, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise, Collision, Avoidance Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
A Review of the Impacts of Wind Farms on Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus and an Estimation of Collision Avoidance Rates Whitfield, D., Madders, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Bird and Bat Migration over Appalachian Ridges Progress Report, August 2006 Dawson, D., Jones, T., Mabey, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Spatial Association as an Indicator of the Potential for Future Interactions Between Wind Energy Developments and Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos in Scotland Fielding, A., Whitfield, D., McLeod, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Biological Effects of Repowering a Portion of the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California: The Diablo Winds Energy Project Smallwood, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Bird and Bat Interactions With Wind Turbines Castle River Wind Farm, Alberta, 2001-2002 Brown, W., Hamilton, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Breeding bird habitat use and turbine collisions of birds and bats located at a wind farm in Oklahoma mixed-grass prairie Piorkowski, M. Thesis Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Assessing Significance of Impacts from Onshore Windfarms on Birds Outwith Designated Areas Scottish Natural Heritage Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Bird Sensitivity Map to Provide Locational Guidance for Onshore Wind Farms in Scotland Bright, J., Langston, R., Bullman, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Review of Goose Collisions at Operating Wind Farms and Estimation of the Goose Avoidance Rate Fernley, J., Lowther, S., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
The Trend of Golden Eagle Territory Occupancy in the Vicinity of the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: 2005 Survey Hunt, G., Hunt, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Bird and Bat Species and Risks to Diurnal Migrants on the Clipper Windpower Criterion Project, Backbone Mountain, Garrett County, Maryland Gates, J., Kerns, J., Lott, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Bird Movements and Behaviors in the Gulf Coast Region: Relation to Potential Wind-Energy Developments Morrison, M. Report Wind Energy Habitat Change, Collision Birds
Monitoring Bird Migration with a Fixed-Beam Radar and a Thermal-Imaging Camera Gauthreaux, S. Jr., Livingston, J. Journal Article Birds
Proposed Yarram Wind Farm Bird Utilisation Survey Al-Dabbagh, K., Lane, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Aerial Surveys of Waterbirds in Strategic Wind Farm Areas Bloor, P., Wratten, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Post-Construction Avian and Bat Fatality Monitoring Study for the High Winds Wind Power Project Solano County, California: Two Year Report Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Culp, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Birds, Bats
Diablo Winds Wildlife Monitoring Progress Report, March 2005 - February 2006 Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Avian Monitoring Study and Risk Assessment for the Shiloh Wind Power Project Solano County, California Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Wilkerson, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Remote Techniques for Counting and Estimating the Number of Bird-Wind Turbine Collisions at Sea: A Review Desholm, M., Fox, A., Beasley, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Assessing the Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds Drewitt, A., Langston, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
Upland Raptors and the Assessment of Wind Farm Impacts Madders, M., Whitfield, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Information Needs to Support Environmental Impact Assessments of the Effects of European Marine Offshore Wind Farms on Birds Fox, A., Desholm, M., Kahlert, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Tidal Barrages and Birds Clark, N. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Habitat Change, Displacement Birds
The Effect of Avoidance Rates on Bird Mortality Predictions Made by Wind Turbine Collision Risk Models Chamberlain, D., Rehfisch, M., Fox, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Waterfowl, Seabirds, Raptors, Birds
Bird Migration Studies and Potential Collision Risk with Offshore Wind Turbines Hüppop, O., Dierschke, J., Exo, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Passerines
Radio Telemetry as a Tool for Impact Assessment of Wind Farms: The Case of Little Terns Sterna albifrons at Scroby Sands, Norfolk, UK Perrow, M., Skeate, E., Lines, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
The British Ornithologists' Union Annual Spring Conference 2005 University of Leicester, 1-3 April 2005 Lanchbery, J., Mitchell, C., Tomlinson, C. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
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