Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 2478
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Offshore Wind Energy Research on Environmental Impacts Köller, J., Köppel, J., Peters, W. Book Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fish, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Hydropower and Environmental Regulation - A Scottish Perspective Copestake, P. Journal Article Marine Energy Birds
The Development and Use of Individuals-Based Models to Predict the Effects of Habitat Loss and Disturbance on Waders and Waterfowl West, A., Caldow, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Habitat Change Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Birds
Distribution and Behaviour of Common Scoter Melanitta nigra Relative to Prey Resources and Environmental Parameters Kaiser, M., Galanidi, M., Showler, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Waterfowl, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
A Test for Bias Attributable to Seabird Avoidance of Ships during Surveys Conducted in the Tropical Pacific Borberg, J., Ballance, L., Pitman, R. Journal Article Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Supplement to the Phase I Avian Risk Assessment and Breeding Bird Study for the Deerfield Wind Project, Bennington County, Vermont Kerlinger, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
The MINOS Project: Ecological Assessments of Possible Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy Projects Kellermann, A., Eskildsen, K., Frank, B. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Birds
Final Results of Bird Studies at the Offshore Wind Farms at Nysted and Horns Rev, Denmark Petersen, I., Christensen, T., Kahlert, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Influences of Artificial Light on Marine Birds Montevecchi, W. Book Chapter Lighting Birds, Seabirds
Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds in Evros and Rhodopi, Greece: Preliminary results Ruiz, G., Poirazidis, K., Schindler, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Kaheawa Pastures Wind Energy Generation Facility: Habitat Conservation Plan Kaheawa Wind Power Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Impacts on Biodiversity of Exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources: The Example of Birds and Bats Hötker, H., Thomsen, K., Jeromin, H. Report Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Ecological Research on Offshore Wind Farms: International Exchange of Experiences - Part A Zucco, C., Wende, W., Merck, T. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Bird collision monitoring system for multi megawatt wind turbines WT-Bird: Summary of prototype development and testing Wiggelinkhuizen, E., Rademakers, L., Barhorst, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Comprehensive Renewable Energy Feasibility Study for Sealaska Corporation: Report September 2002 through December 2005 Lynette, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Modelled Cumulative Impacts on the White-Bellied Sea-Eagle of Wind Farms Across the Species' Australian Range Smales, I. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Seabirds, Raptors, Birds
A Bird and Small Mammal BACI and IG Design Studies in a Wind Farm in Malpica (Spain) de Lucas, M., Janss, G., Ferrer, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Summer 2005 Breeding Birds Surveys at the Proposed Top Notch Wind Project in Fairfield and Norway, New York Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Oil Pollution and Climate have Wide-Scale Impacts on Seabird Demographics Votier, S., Hatchwell, B., Beckerman, A. Journal Article Chemicals Seabirds, Birds
Survey Methods for Use in Assessment the Impacts of Onshore Wind Farms on Bird Communities Scottish Natural Heritage Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Fall 2005 Radar and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Deerfield Wind Project in Searsburg and Readsboro, Vermont Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Guidance: Survey Methods for Use in Assessing the Impacts of Onshore Windfarms on Bird Communities Scottish Natural Heritage Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Fall 2005 Radar, Visual, and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Clayton Wind Project: Draft Report Woodlot Alternatives Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Raptors
A Spring 2005 Radar, Visual, and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Deerfield Wind Project in Searsburg and Readsboro, Vermont Roy, R., Pelletier, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
Baseline Studies North Sea Wind Farms: Fluxes, Flight Paths and Altitudes of Flying Birds 2003-2004 Krijgsveld, K., Lensink, R., Schekkerman, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds
Environmental effect studies – Status more than two years after the erection of Horns Rev and Nysted Offshore Wind Farms Boesen, C., Andersen, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Wind, Fire and Water: Renewable Energy and Birds. A report on the BOU's Annual Conference held at the University of Leicester, 1–3 April 2005 Greenwood, J. Journal Article Birds
Modelled cumulative impacts on the Swift Parrot of wind farms across the species' range in south-eastern Australia Smales, I. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Results of Wildlife Movement Monitoring Using an Infrared Sensing Remote Camera Located Under Wind Turbine 7, Searsburg Wind Project During October 2005 Wallin, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Birds and Bats: Potential Impacts and Survey Techniques Global Energy Concepts Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Lingan 4MW Wind Power Project: Registration and Environmental Assessment Dillon Consulting Limited Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Avian and Bat Studies for the Proposed Dairy Hills Wind Project, Wyoming County, New York Young, D. Jr., Nations, C., Poulton, V. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Raptors
Post-Construction Results from The North Hoyle Offshore Wind Farm May, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Modelled Cumulative Impacts on the Tasmanian Wedge-Tailed Eagle of Wind Farms Across the Species' Range Muir, S., Smales, I. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
An Evaluation of the Wildlife Impacts of Offshore Wind Development Relative to Fossil Fuel Power Production Jarvis, C. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Fish, Birds
Impacts on Wildlife and Government Responsibilities for Regulating Development and Protecting Wildlife Office, United States Government Accountability Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats
A Spring 2005 Radar, Visual, and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Clayton Wind Project in Clayton, New York Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Raptors, Waterfowl
Avian Monitoring and Risk Assessment at the San Gorgonio Wind Resource Area Anderson, R., Tom, J., Neumann, N. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Seabirds, Raptors, Passerines, Birds, Bats
Avian Collision and Electrocution Risk Reduction Adaptive Management Plan for the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Magnetic Orientation and Magnetoreception in Birds and Other Animals Wiltschko, R., Wiltschko, W. Journal Article EMF Birds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Reptiles
Displaying 2201 - 2240 of 2478 results